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23 results for “environmental transmission”
How does parasite environmental transmission stage concentration change before, during, and after disease outbreaks?
<p>Outbreaks of environmentally transmitted parasites require that susceptible hosts encounter transmission stages in the environment and become infected, but we also know that transmission stages can be in the environment without triggering disease outbreaks. One challenge for understanding the relationship between environmental transmission stages and disease outbreaks is that the distribution and abundance of transmission stages outside of their hosts have been difficult to quantify. Thus, we have limited data about how changes in transmission stage abundance influence disease dynamics; moreover, we do not know whether the relationship between transmission stages and outbreaks differs among parasite species. We used digital PCR to quantify environmental transmission stages of five parasites in six lakes in southeastern Michigan every two weeks from June to November 2021. At the same time, we quantified infection prevalence in hosts and host density. Our study focused on eight zooplankton host species (<em>Daphnia</em> spp. and <em>Ceriodaphnia</em> <em>dubia</em>) and five of their parasites from diverse taxonomic groups (bacteria, yeast, microsporidia, and oomycete) with different infection mechanisms. We found that parasite transmission stage concentration increased prior to disease outbreaks for all parasites. However, parasites differed significantly in the relative timing of peaks in transmission stage concentration and infection outbreaks. The 'continuous shedder' parasites had transmission stage peaks at the same time as or slightly after the outbreak peaks. In contrast, parasites relying on host death for transmission ('obligate killers') had transmission stage peaks before outbreak peaks. For most parasites, lakes with outbreaks had higher spore concentrations than those without outbreaks, especially once an outbreak began; the exception was for a parasite, <em>Pasteuria</em> <em>ramosa</em>, with very strong genotypic specificity of infection. Overall, our results show that disease outbreaks are tightly linked to transmission stage concentration; outbreaks were preceded by increases in transmission stage concentration in the environment and then were fueled by the production of more transmission stages during the outbreak itself, with concentrations decreasing to pre-outbreak levels as outbreaks waned. Thus, tracking transmission stages in the environment improves our understanding of the drivers of disease outbreaks and reveals how parasite traits may affect these dynamics.</p>
Fig. 3 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts
Fig. 3. Predicted relationships between NAO winter index and the probability of seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in all cats sampled; (a) juveniles and (b) adults. Points represent the observed seoprevalence values with 95% confidence intervals as whiskers. A median farm density (0.68 farm/km2) was used to calculate the predictions (full line). Minimal farm density (0 farm/km2) observed among sampled communes was used to calculate the minimal predictions of the model (dotted lines). High values of farm density (2 and 4 farms/km2) were used to calculate the maximal predictions of the model (dashed and dotted-dashed lines).
Fig. 2 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts
Fig. 2. Interannual variations in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the three types of cats standardised by age (bars) during the study period. Line segments represent the 95% confidence intervals for seroprevalence, and the numbers in brackets indicate the sample sizes. Wildcats (Felis s. silvestris), domestic cats (Felis s. catus) and hybrids are pooled.
Fig. 1 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts
Fig. 1. European wildcat (Felis s. silvestris) distribution in France (grey area; Léger et al., 2008; Say et al., 2012), and locations of samples from domestic cats (Felis s. catus), wildcats and their hybrids. Cat types are represented by different symbols (see the bottom left of the map). One location might correspond to several individuals (1, 2, 3, or 8), the size of the dot being proportional to the number (indicated at the right of the symbols) of individuals collected in each commune.
How does parasite environmental transmission stage concentration change before, during, and after disease outbreaks?
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Soot particle images obtained by Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy
<p>Transmission electron microscopy images used to generate frame sequences and calculate particle convexities, along with the associated script. The fractal soot particles were produced by combustion, lightly coated by sulfuric acid, deposited on SiN substrate, and then their response to humidification and drying was studied in a controlled microenvironment of a closed cell, using environmental transmission electron microscopy. </p>
Environmental and meteorological data from: A habitat suitability analysis for three Culicoides species implicated in bluetongue virus transmission in the Southeastern United States
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Data from: Resistance, tolerance and environmental transmission dynamics determine host extinction risk in a load-dependent amphibian disease
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Data from: Use of environmental sites by mule deer: a proxy for relative risk of chronic wasting disease exposure and transmission
Prions that cause chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids can remain infective for years outside the host. Infectious cervids shed prions for a long time, consequently depositing prions in frequently used areas. These environmental prions are important in CWD epidemiology. Unfortunately, effective tools for quantifying CWD prions in soil, water, and other environmental sources are not currently available. Our goal was to investigate relative differences in visits by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) to various environmental site types as an indicator of the relative risk of prion contamination and disease transmission. For this, we deployed a system of triggered-by-movement cameras at eight site types in a CWD-endemic area in Saskatchewan, Canada. We first assessed whether the relative differences among site types in the frequency of visits by mule deer of any sex-and-age class, males, and females varied by season and site type. We then assessed whether the rate of behaviors with a high risk of environmental prion transmission (either contamination or acquisition) differed by season and site type. Finally, we assessed whether the intensity of visitation, based on the number of animals per picture, differed by season and site type. We found that grain sources and beds were key attractants for mule deer: (1) The greatest number of pictures with mule deer per camera-day occurred at grain sources across all seasons, except in fawning, when beds were the most visited sites; (2) during pre-rut and early gestation, mule deer visited grain sources at least twice as often as most other sites; (3) females were more likely to visit beds and grain sources, but there was no significant site preferences for males after accounting for season; (4) mule deer were most likely to be pictured contacting the environment at grain sources in early gestation; and (5) beds and grain sources were the most intensively visited sites. We also found that environmental contacts at waterholes were more frequent during spring. We discuss the potential importance of various sites in the transmission of CWD and how their modification could potentially reduce the risk of prion environmental exposure among mule deer.
Data from: Phenotypic variation in overwinter environmental transmission of a baculovirus and the cost of virulence
A pathogen's ability to persist in the environment is an ecologically important trait, and variation in this trait may promote coexistence of different pathogen strains. We asked whether naturally occurring isolates of the baculovirus that infects gypsy moth larvae varied in their overwinter environmental transmission, and whether this variation was consistent with a tradeoff or an upper limit to virulence that might promote pathogen diversity. We used experimental manipulations to replicate the natural overwinter infection process using 16 field-collected isolates. Virus isolates varied substantially in the fraction of larvae infected, leading to differences in overwinter transmission rates. Furthermore, isolates that killed more larvae also had higher rates of early larval death in which no infectious particles were produced, consistent with a cost of high virulence. Our results thus support the existence of a cost that could impose an upper limit to virulence even in a highly virulent pathogen.
Data from: Mediation of seed provisioning in the transmission of environmental maternal effects in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton)
Although maternal environmental effects are increasingly recognized as an important source of phenotypic variation with relevant impacts in evolutionary processes, their relevance in long-lived plants such as pine trees is largely unknown. Here, we used a powerful sample size and a strong quantitative genetic approach to analyse the sources of variation of early seedling performance and to identify seed mass (SM)-dependent and -independent maternal environmental effects in Maritime pine. We measured SM of 8924 individual seeds collected from 10 genotypes clonally replicated in two environments of contrasting quality (favourable and stressful), and we measured seedling growth rate and biomass allocation to roots and shoots. SM was extremely variable (up to 14-fold) and strongly determined by the maternal environment and the genotype of the mother tree. The favourable maternal environment led to larger cones, larger seeds and reduced SM variability. The maternal environment also determined the offspring phenotype, with seedlings coming from the favourable environment being 35% larger and with greater root/shoot ratio. Transgenerational plasticity appears, thus, to be a relevant source of phenotypic variation in the early performance of this pine species. Seed provisioning explained most of the effect of the maternal environment on seedling total biomass. Environmental maternal effects on seedling biomass allocation were, however, determined through SM-independent mechanisms, suggesting that other epigenetic regulation channels may be involved.
Investigation of Environmental Factors Associated With Transmission of T. Solium in Endemic Villages of Zambia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03874689. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Heritability of seed weight in Maritime pine, a relevant trait in the transmission of environmental maternal effects
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Data from: Mediation of seed provisioning in the transmission of environmental maternal effects in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton)
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Data from: Phenotypic variation in overwinter environmental transmission of a baculovirus and the cost of virulence
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Data from: Use of environmental sites by mule deer: a proxy for relative risk of chronic wasting disease exposure and transmission
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Data from: Environmental transmission of a personality trait: foster parent exploration behaviour predicts offspring exploration behaviour in zebra finches
Consistent behavioural differences among individuals are common in many species and can have important effects on offspring fitness. To understand such 'personality' variation, it is important to determine the mode of inheritance, but this has been quantified for only a few species. Here, we report results from a breeding experiment in captive zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, in which we cross-fostered offspring to disentangle the importance of genetic and non-genetic transmission of behaviour. Genetic and foster-parents' exploratory type was measured in a novel environment pre-breeding and offspring exploratory type was assessed at adulthood. Offspring exploratory type was predicted by the exploratory behaviour of the foster but not the genetic parents, whereas offspring size was predicted by genetic but not foster-parents' size. Other aspects of the social environment, such as rearing regime (uni- versus biparental), hatching position, brood size or an individual's sex did not influence offspring exploration. Our results therefore indicate that non-genetic transmission of behaviour can play an important role in shaping animal personality variation.
Data from: The potential for fungal biopesticides to reduce malaria transmission under diverse environmental conditions
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Data from: Quantifying the relative effects of environmental and direct transmission of norovirus
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Data from: Environmental transmission of a personality trait: foster parent exploration behaviour predicts offspring exploration behaviour in zebra finches
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.