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44 results for “epizootic”
Рис. 5. Общая схема Δинамики эпизоотии в приамурской попуΛяции коΛьчатого шеΛкопряΔа. ВертикаΛьно: коΛичество погибших гусениц (% от чисΛа собранных за весь периоΔ иссΛеΔований в 2019 г. гусениц). ГоризонтаΛьно: Δата сбора гусениц на территории УПН. — гибеΛь от вируса яΔерного поΛиэΔроза; — гибеΛь от бактериоза Fig. 5. General scheme of the Lackey moth epizootic dynamics for the Cisamurian population. Vertical: number of the deaths, (percentage from the total number of caterpillars collected in 2019 (578 caterpillars)); horizontal: dates of laboratory controls. — death from the NPV; — death from the bacteriosis in Lackey Moth (Malacosoma Neustria L., Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) Population During The Eruptive Phase
Рис. 5. Общая схема Δинамики эпизоотии в приамурской попуΛяции коΛьчатого шеΛкопряΔа. ВертикаΛьно: коΛичество погибших гусениц (% от чисΛа собранных за весь периоΔ иссΛеΔований в 2019 г. гусениц). ГоризонтаΛьно: Δата сбора гусениц на территории УПН. — гибеΛь от вируса яΔерного поΛиэΔроза; — гибеΛь от бактериоза Fig. 5. General scheme of the Lackey moth epizootic dynamics for the Cisamurian population. Vertical: number of the deaths, (percentage from the total number of caterpillars collected in 2019 (578 caterpillars)); horizontal: dates of laboratory controls. — death from the NPV; — death from the bacteriosis
Fig. 1 in Epizootic ulcerative syndrome - First report of evidence from South Africa's largest and premier conservation area, the Kruger National Park
Fig. 1. Sampling location from which evidence of genomic material of Aphanomyces invadans was obtained in Clarias gariepinus from Nhlangaluwe Pan on the Limpopo River in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.
Fig. 7 in Protozoal encephalitis associated with Sarcocystis calchasi and S. falcatula during an epizootic involving Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in coastal Southern California, USA
Fig. 7. Gel electrophoresis of the 28S PCR on the brain (B) and muscle (M) tissues from eight Brandt's cormorants submitted from Coastal Southern California. All eight birds demonstrate a band positive for sarcocystis species. C3 is brain from a pigeon with S. calchasi used as control tissue and SN is the S. neurona positive control.
Fig. 5 in Protozoal encephalitis associated with Sarcocystis calchasi and S. falcatula during an epizootic involving Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in coastal Southern California, USA
Fig. 5. Brain photomicrograph of cormorant No. 8, polyclonal IHC for S. falcatula and S. neurona. (A) Cerebellum exhibiting foci of dense protozoal immunopositivity, and (B) showing the large numbers of immunoreactive schizonts forming the foci. Sequencing revealed these are S. falcatula schizonts.
Fig. 2 in Protozoal encephalitis associated with Sarcocystis calchasi and S. falcatula during an epizootic involving Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in coastal Southern California, USA
Fig. 2. Brain HE photomicrographs from the seven Brandt's cormorants from Los Angeles County with S. calchasi encephalitis. (A) Severe lymphohistiocytic encephalitis and (B) occasional schizonts (*) in the brain (C), with lymphohistiocytic vasculitis and perivascular encephalitis (arrow).
Fig. 4 in Characterising a sarcoptic mange epizootic in quenda (Isoodon fusciventer)
Fig. 4. Density of sarcoptic mange cases in quenda (Isoodon fusciventer) and potential outbreak extent in Roleystone, Perth, Western Australia from July 2019 to June 2021.
Fig. 2 in Characterising a sarcoptic mange epizootic in quenda (Isoodon fusciventer)
Fig. 2. Frequency of infestation by location on the body recorded from 26 quenda (Isoodon fusciventer) with sarcoptic mange admitted to care at Darling Range Wildlife Shelter from Roleystone, Perth, Western Australia from July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021. (Image: Katerina Ryabtseva).
Fig. 3 in Characterising a sarcoptic mange epizootic in quenda (Isoodon fusciventer)
Fig. 3. Common clinical signs of sarcoptic mange in quenda (Isoodon fusciventer) from Roleystone, Perth, Western Australia in animals admitted to Darling Range Wildlife Shelter between July 1, 2019 and June 30, 2021. A: The early consolidation phase of the disease, with visible erythema and alopecia on rump, flanks and paws and lesions developing on the face; B: Alopecia and emaciation in a quenda undergoing treatment; C: Severe chronic disease evident by extensive deep fissures throughout the epidermis, emaciation, hyperkeratosis, alopecia and lethargy; D: Papillomatous lesions on the posterior dorsal region of a quenda undergoing treatment for sarcoptic mange. (Images: Darling Range Wildlife Shelter).
Fig. 1 in Characterising a sarcoptic mange epizootic in quenda (Isoodon fusciventer)
Fig. 1. Prevalence of sarcoptic mange in population groups of quenda (Isoodon fusciventer) admitted to care from Roleystone, Western Australia between July 1, 2019 and June 30, 2021.
Data from: SNPs across time and space: population genomic signatures of founder events and epizootics in the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)
Identifying genomic signatures of natural selection can be challenging against a background of demographic changes such as bottlenecks and population expansions. Here, we disentangle the effects of demography from selection in the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) using samples collected before and after a pathogen-induced selection event. Using ddRADseq, we genotyped over 18,000 SNPs across the genome in native pre-epizootic western US birds, introduced birds from Hawaii and the eastern United States, post-epizootic eastern birds, and western birds sampled across a similar time span. We found 14% and 7% reductions in nucleotide diversity, respectively, in Hawaiian and pre-epizootic eastern birds relative to pre-epizootic western birds, as well as elevated levels of linkage disequilibrium and other signatures of founder events. Despite finding numerous significant frequency shifts (outlier loci) between pre-epizootic native and introduced populations, we found no signal of reduced genetic diversity, elevated linkage disequilibrium, or outlier loci as a result of the epizootic. Simulations demonstrate that the proportion of outliers associated with founder events could be explained by genetic drift. This rare view of genetic evolution across time in an invasive species provides direct evidence that demographic shifts like founder events have genetic consequences more widespread across the genome than natural selection.
Natural history of a bighorn sheep pneumonia epizootic
<p>A respiratory disease epizootic at the National Bison Range (NBR) in Montana in 2016-2017 caused an 85% decline in the bighorn sheep population, documented by observations of its unmarked but individually identifiable members, the subjects of an ongoing long-term study. The index case was likely one of a small group of young bighorn sheep on a short-term exploratory foray in early summer of 2016. Disease subsequently spread through the population, with peak mortality in September and October and continuing signs of respiratory disease and sporadic mortality of all age classes through early July 2017. Body condition scores and clinical signs suggested that the disease affected ewe groups before rams, although by the end of the epizootic ram mortality (90% of 71) exceeded ewe mortality (79% of 84). Microbiological sampling 10 years to 3 months prior to the epizootic had documented no evidence of infection or exposure to <i>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae </i>at NBR, but during the epizootic a single genetic strain of <i>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae </i>was detected in affected animals. Retrospective screening of domestic sheep flocks near the NBR identified the same genetic strain in one flock, presumptively the source of the epizootic infection. Evidence of fatal lamb pneumonia was observed during the first two lambing seasons following the epizootic but was absent during the third season following the death of the last identified <i>M. ovipneumoniae </i>carrier ewe. Monitoring of life history traits prior to the epizootic provided no evidence that environmentally and/or demographically induced nutritional or other stress contributed to the epizootic. Furthermore, the epizootic occurred despite proactive management actions undertaken to reduce risk of disease and increase resilience in this population. This closely observed bighorn sheep epizootic uniquely illustrates the natural history of the disease including the (presumptive) source of spillover, course, severity, and eventual pathogen clearance.</p>
A big data–model integration approach for predicting epizootics and population recovery in a keystone species
<p>Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to global health and biodiversity. Yet, predicting the spatiotemporal dynamics of wildlife epizootics remains challenging. Disease outbreaks result from complex non-linear interactions among a large collection of variables that rarely adhere to the assumptions of parametric regression modeling. We adopted a non-parametric machine learning approach to model wildlife epizootics and population recovery, using the disease system of colonial black-tailed prairie dogs (BTPD, <em>Cynomys ludovicianus</em>) and sylvatic plague as an example. We synthesized colony data between 2001–2020 from eight USDA Forest Service National Grasslands across the range of BTPD in central North America. We then modeled extinctions due to plague and colony recovery of BTPD in relation to complex interactions among climate, topoedaphic variables, colony characteristics, and disease history. Extinctions due to plague occurred more frequently when BTPD colonies were spatially clustered, in closer proximity to colonies decimated by plague during the previous year, following cooler than average temperatures the previous summer, and when wetter winter/springs were preceded by drier summer/falls. Rigorous cross-validations and spatial predictions indicated that our final models predicted plague outbreaks and colony recovery in BTPD with high accuracy (e.g., AUC generally > 0.80). Thus, these spatially-explicit models can reliably predict the spatial and temporal dynamics of wildlife epizootics and subsequent population recovery in a highly complex host-pathogen system. Our models can be used to support strategic management planning (e.g., plague mitigation) to optimize benefits of this keystone species to associated wildlife communities and ecosystem functioning. This optimization can reduce conflicts among different landowners and resource managers, as well as economic losses to the ranching industry. More broadly, our big data–model integration approach provides a general framework for spatially-explicit forecasting of disease-induced population fluctuations, for use in natural resource management decision-making.</p>
Data from: SNPs across time and space: population genomic signatures of founder events and epizootics in the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)
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Data from: Rising temperatures may increase fungal epizootics in northern populations of the invasive spongy moth in North America
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A big data–model integration approach for predicting epizootics and population recovery in a keystone species
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Natural history of a bighorn sheep pneumonia epizootic
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Data from: Temperature variability and moisture synergistically interact to exacerbate an epizootic disease
Climate change is altering global patterns of precipitation and temperature variability, with implications for parasitic diseases of humans and wildlife. A recent study confirmed predictions that increased temperature variability could exacerbate disease, because of lags in host acclimation following temperature shifts. However, the generality of these host acclimation effects and the potential for them to interact with other factors have yet to be tested. Here, we report similar effects of host thermal acclimation (constant versus shifted temperatures) on chytridiomycosis in red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) growth on newts was greater following a shift to a new temperature, relative to newts already acclimated to this temperature (15°C versus 25°C). However, these acclimation effects depended on soil moisture (10, 16 and 21% water) and were only observed at the highest moisture level, which induced greatly increased Bd growth and infection-induced mortality. Acclimation effects were also greater following a decrease rather than an increase in temperature. The results are consistent with previous findings that chytridiomycosis is associated with precipitation, lower temperatures and increased temperature variability. This study highlights host acclimation as a potentially general mediator of climate–disease interactions, and the need to account for context-dependencies when testing for acclimation effects on disease.
Data from: Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian influenza virus
1. Similar to other infectious diseases, the prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) has been seen to exhibit marked seasonal variation. However, mechanisms driving this variation in wild birds have yet to be tested. We investigated the validity of three previously suggested drivers for the seasonal dynamics in LPAIV infections in wild birds: (1) host density, (2) immunologically-naïve young, and (3) increased susceptibility in migrants. 2. To address these questions, we sampled a key LPAIV host species, the mallard Anas platyrhynchos, on a small spatial scale, comprehensively throughout a complete annual cycle, measuring both current and past infection (i.e. viral and seroprevalence respectively). 3. We demonstrate a minor peak in LPAIV prevalence in summer, a dominant peak in autumn, during which half of the sampled population was infected, and no infections in spring. Seroprevalence of antibodies to a conserved gene-segment of AIV peaked in winter and again in spring. 4. The summer peak of LPAIV prevalence coincided with the entrance of unfledged naïve young in the population. Moreover, juveniles were more likely to be infected, shed higher quantities of virus, and were less likely to have detectable antibodies to AIV than adult birds. The arrival of migratory birds, as identified by stable hydrogen isotope analysis, appeared to drive the autumn peak in LPAIV infection, with both temporal coincidence and higher infection prevalence in migrants. Remarkably, seroprevalence in migrants was substantially lower than viral prevalence throughout autumn migration, further indicating that each wave of migrants amplified local AIV circulation. Finally, while host abundance increased throughout autumn, it peaked in winter, showing no direct correspondence with either of the LPAIV infection peaks. 5. At an epidemiologically-relevant spatial scale, we provide strong evidence for the role of migratory birds as key drivers for seasonal epizootics of LPAIV, regardless of their role as vectors of these viruses. This study exemplifies the importance of understanding host demography and migratory behaviour when examining seasonal drivers of infection in wildlife populations.
FIGURE 9 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 9. Timberline Live Pet Foods ad from May, 2012, issue of Reptiles, a trade magazine, promoting the advantages of A. domestica (sic) over other available crickets.
FIGURE 3. Gryllus bimaculatus. a in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 3. Gryllus bimaculatus. a. Adult male (left) and adult female (right) both from pet store, San Diego Co., California. Note shiny pronotums and prominence of "bimacula" areas (red arrow pointing to left macula) at base of tegmina, although typically less so in the female. b. Adult male, more unusual light colored phase with cream colored eyes, from pet store in France. DNA profiles of both these "populations" are shown in Fig. 6.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.