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openmit-licenseJan 2021View details →

Data and scripts used in "Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent intensification counteracting warming induced deoxygenation"

This file contains data and scripts for "Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent intensification counteracting warming induced deoxygenation“. Data: <ul> <li>Physical oceanography (CTD) during Meteor cruise M158</li> <li>ADCP current measurements (38 and 75 kHz) during Meteor cruise M158</li> <li>wind products (ASCAT, CCMP, JRA55do, QuikSCAT)</li> <li>Data of the mean 23W ship section between 5S-14N</li> <li>Velocity data from moored ADCP at 23W, 0N</li> <li>Velocity data from 25 individual ship sections along 23W</li> </ul> For the scripts leading to Figures 1 to 3 see subdirectories: <ul> <li>figure01/</li> <li>figure02/</li> <li>figure03/</li> </ul> For further information on executable scripts and available data, please see the "Readme.txt" documents in the different subdirectories.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

What Controls the Mean East–West Sea Surface Temperature Gradient in the Equatorial Pacific: The Role of Cloud Albedo

Climatologies for the climate model simulations performed by Burls and Fedorov 2014, Journal of Climate, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00255.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00255.1</a>. This table shows how the names of the simulation files provided in this dataset relate to the experiment names provided in Table 1 of Burls and Fedorov (2014, JOC). <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Experiment # in Article (Table 1)</th> <th scope="col">Name of Files</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>PreInd_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>80p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>60p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>40p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>20p_op_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>20p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>40p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>60p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>80p_LWP_1590deg_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>20p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>40p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>60p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>80p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>20p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>40p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>60p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>80p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx4_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>20p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>40p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>60p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>80p_ILWP_3060deg_tropx8_T31_gx3v7*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>PreInd_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>40p_LWP_1590deg_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>60p_LWP_1590deg_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>40p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>60p_ILWP_1590deg_tropx2_0.9x1.25_gx1v6*.nc</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Article abstract: The mean east–west sea surface temperature gradient along the equator is a key feature of tropical climate. Tightly coupled to the atmospheric Walker circulation and the oceanic east–west thermocline tilt, it effectively defines tropical climate conditions. In the Pacific, its presence permits the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon. What determines this temperature gradient within the fully coupled ocean–atmosphere system is therefore a central question in climate dynamics, critical for understanding past and future climates. Using a comprehensive coupled model [Community Earth System Model (CESM)], the authors demonstrate how the meridional gradient in cloud albedo between the tropics and midlatitudes (Δα) sets the mean east–west sea surface temperature gradient in the equatorial Pacific. To change Δα in the numerical experiments, the authors change the optical properties of clouds by modifying the atmospheric water path, but only in the shortwave radiation scheme of the model. When Δα is varied from approximately −0.15 to 0.1, the east–west SST contrast in the equatorial Pacific reduces from 7.5°C to less than 1°C and the Walker circulation nearly collapses. These experiments reveal a near-linear dependence between Δα and the zonal temperature gradient, which generally agrees with results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) preindustrial control simulations. The authors explain the close relation between the two variables using an energy balance model incorporating the essential dynamics of the warm pool, cold tongue, and Walker circulation complex.

opencc-zeroAug 2024View details →

National Checklists 2017: Equatorial Guinea Species List

Lists of taxa for each country and a few other administrative zones harvested from effechecka using simplified versions of geonames polygons. See https://github.com/diatomsRcool/checklists for detailsA list of species from Equatorial Guinea collected using effechecka and geonames polygons

opencc-zeroAug 2024View details →

National Checklists 2019: Equatorial Guinea Species List

Lists of taxa for each country and a few other administrative zones harvested from effechecka using simplified versions of geonames polygons. See https://github.com/diatomsRcool/checklists for details.A list of species from Equatorial Guinea collected using effechecka and geonames polygons

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Data to reproduce figures in "Tropical thermocline helps power Pacific equatorial upwelling"

A set of netcdf include results of the energetics in the Pacific STC region.  A jupyter notebook uses all those dataset to reproduce the main plots in the paper. Code used to compute the energetics can be found within the 'Tailleux' class inside this module: https://github.com/inciente/EastPac/blob/main/KE_tools.py Please feel free to reach out if you're trying to use the data, or apply the energetics framework to your own simulations.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Tropical cyclone and equatorial wave data in ERA5 (1980-2018)

The dataset consists of global tropical cyclone (TC) track and equatorial wave data derived from ERA5 (1980-2018). The dataset was originally used to produce the paper "Equatorial waves as useful precursors to tropical cyclone occurrence and intensification" published in Nature Communications in 2023. See the Methods section in the article for details. Note: the TC data are produced by Kevin Hodges (Reading University) using the TRACK method (Hodges and Emerton, 2015; Hodges et al., 2017); the wave data are produced by Gui-Ying Yang (Reading University) based on the method in Yang et al., 2003. ERA5 data is generated by ECMWF and distributed by the C3S CDS. ERA5 data used in this paper are archived from <a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/search?text=ERA5&type=dataset">https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/search?text=ERA5&type=dataset</a>.   TC track data (ERA5 TC-matched.zip) TCs are identified and tracked by cyclonic vorticity centres in the ECMWF fifth generation climate reanalysis (ERA5) from six‐hourly atmospheric data, using the TRACK method (Hodges and Emerton, 2015; Hodges et al., 2017). The TRACK scheme used in this paper includes the following processes. First, the vertical average of the relative vorticity between 850 and 600 hPa is obtained. This is then spatially filtered using spherical harmonics to T63 resolution; the large‐scale background with total wavenumbers n ≤ 5 is removed. Vorticity maxima in the Northern Hemisphere and minima in the Southern Hemisphere are determined on the T63 grid and then used as starting points to obtain the off‐grid locations using B‐spline interpolation and maximisation methods. Then, in the first instance, all positive vorticity centres that exceed 0.5 Cyclonic Vorticity Unit (CVU, with 1.0 CVU=1.0*10-5 s-1) in the range 0°–60°N (negative vorticity centres that are below -0.5 CVU in the range 0°–60°S) are identified through the data time series. The tracking is performed by first initialising a set of tracks using a nearest neighbour method and then refining them by minimising a cost function for track smoothness subject to adaptive constraints on track smoothness and displacement distance in a time step. After the tracking is complete, the full T63 vorticity maxima at levels from 850 hPa up to 200 hPa (850, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300 and 200 hPa) are added to the tracks using a recursive search within a 5° radius (geodesic) of the tracked centre. This is used to test for the existence of a coherent vertical structure and a warm core. A matching process is applied to match the ERA5 tracks against the observed tracks, the Best Track from IBTrACS. An ERA5 track is matched to an IBTrACS track if the mean spatial separation is ≤5° over the corresponding paired track points and it is the track with the smallest separation. This process ensures that the ERA5 tracks are those storms actually ‘observed’ in IBTrACS (but they may have different lifecycle). This means that the ERA5 storm tracks have an extended lifecycle consistent, allowing the analysis of the “pre-TC” features. ERA5 “pre-TCG” is the first point of the above identified TC track in ERA5, which is at an earlier stage than the genesis in IBTrACS (normally the first track point reaching the tropical storm intensity). On average, the ERA5 pre-TCG events are 4.6 days earlier in time, and 2.7 CVU weaker in relative vorticity of the vortex, than the TCG events at the observed TCG time.   Wave data (qvr_coefficient_YYYY_k3-40_p2-10_28plev_era5.nc) In this dataset, dynamical equatorial waves are derived by projecting global wind and geopotential height data onto an orthogonal basis defined by the horizontal equatorial wave structures obtained from the theory of disturbances to a resting atmosphere on the equatorial β-plane. Six‐hourly horizontal winds and geopotential height in ERA5 are used here. This method identifies horizontal wind (u, v) and geopotential height (Z) structures associated with distinct equatorial waves. Potential equatorial waves are identified by projecting u, v and Z in the tropics (24°S–24°N) at each pressure level onto the different equatorial wave modes, using their sinusoidal structure in the zonal direction and parabolic cylinder functions in the meridional direction. These basis functions used for the wave projection are orthogonal, meaning that the wave structures here are orthogonal since they are pre-described as a series of the basis functions. In the parabolic cylinder functions, the meridional trapping scale is y0=6°. Before the projection, a broad-band spectral filter, with wavenumber 3 to 40 and period 2 to 10 days, is applied to separate eastward and westward moving waves. This ERA5 wave dataset contains three equatorial wave modes: westward-moving mixed Rossby-gravity (WMRG) and meridional mode number n=1 and 2 Rossby (R1 and R2) waves. The dataset spans 39 years from 1980 to 2018 covering all seasons, with a 6-hourly interval at 1° resolution on 28 pressure levels from 1000 to 70 hPa.    Reference  Hodges, K. I., & Emerton, R. (2015). The prediction of Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone extended life cycles by the ECMWF ensemble and deterministic prediction systems. Part I: Tropical cyclone stage. Monthly Weather Review, 143(12), 5091-5114. Hodges, K., Cobb, A., & Vidale, P. L. (2017). How well are tropical cyclones represented in reanalysis datasets?. Journal of Climate, 30(14), 5243-5264. Yang, G. Y., Hoskins, B., & Slingo, J. (2003). Convectively coupled equatorial waves: A new methodology for identifying wave structures in observational data. Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 60(14), 1637-1654. Feng, X., Yang, G.Y., Hodges, K., & Methven, J. (2023). Equatorial waves as useful precursors to tropical cyclone occurrence and intensification. Nature Communications.

FIG. 13. — A, Triconia komo n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 13. — A, Triconia komo n. sp. female: genital aperture, arrows indicating two spinous processes; B, Triconia onnuri n. sp. female genital aperture, arrow indicating spinous process, inset showing ornamentation with minute pores or pits above P6; C, male cephalosome, lateral, arrows indicating integumental pores. Scale bars: A, 2 μm; B, 5 μm; C, 10 μm.

FIG. 12 in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 12. — Triconia denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011, female: A, P1, anterior; B, P2, anterior; C, P3, anterior; D, P4, anterior. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar: 50 μm.

FIG. 10 in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 10. — Triconia denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011. female: A, habitus, dorsal; B, habitus, lateral; C, urosome, dorsal, arrows indicating secretory pores; D, urosome, lateral; E, P5, dorsal view. Scale bars: A-D, 100 μm, E, 20 μm.

FIG. 11 in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 11. — Triconia denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011, female: A, antennule; B, antenna, anterior; C, mandible; D, maxillule; E, maxilla; F, maxilliped; G, labrum, anterior; H, labrum, posterior. Scale bars: A, F, 50 μm; B-E, G, H, 20 μm.

FIG. 9. — Triconia onnuri n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 9. — Triconia onnuri n. sp. male: A, habitus, dorsal; B, cephalosome and P1-bearing somite, lateral; C, antennule; D, urosome, dorsal; E, urosome, ventral; F, urosome, lateral; G, maxilliped, anterior; H, maxilliped, medial view; I, seta VI on caudal ramus, arrow indicating swollen base. Scale bars: A, B, 100 μm; C-H, 50 μm; I, 20 μm.

FIG. 8. — Triconia onnuri n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 8. — Triconia onnuri n. sp. female: A, P1, anterior; B, P2, anterior; C, P3, anterior; D, P4, anterior. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar: 50 μm.

FIG. 6. — Triconia onnuri n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 6. — Triconia onnuri n. sp. female: A, habitus, dorsal; B, habitus, lateral; C, urosome, dorsal; D, urosome, lateral; E, P5, dorsal view; F, seta VI on caudal ramus, arrow indicating swollen base. Scale bars: A-D, 100 μm; E, 50 μm; F, 20 μm.

FIG. 5. — Triconia komo n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 5. — Triconia komo n. sp. male: A, habitus, dorsal; B, antennule; C, urosome, lateral; D, urosome, dorsal; E, urosome, ventral; F, maxilliped, anterior, spine fused to inner proximal corner of endopod (= claw) figured separately; G, maxilliped, medial view, ornamentation of palmar margin figured separately. Scale bars: A, 100 μm, B-F, 50 μm.

FIG. 7. — Triconia onnuri n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 7. — Triconia onnuri n. sp. female: A, antennule; B, antenna, posterior; C, mandible; D, maxillule, arrow indicating ornamentation of innermost element on outer lobe; E, maxilla; F, maxilliped; G, labrum, anterior; H, labrum, posterior, arrows indicating dentiform processes. Scale bars: A, C-H, 50 μm; B, 20 μm.

FIG. 4. — Triconia komo n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 4. — Triconia komo n. sp. female: A, P1, anterior; B, P2, anterior; C, P3, anterior; D, P4, anterior. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar: 50 μm.

FIG. 3. — Triconia komo n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 3. — Triconia komo n. sp. female: A, antennule; B, antenna, anterior, distal elements on distal endopod segment numbered using capital letters, lateral elements indicated by Roman numerals; C, mandible, individual elements indicated by capital letters; D, maxillule; E, maxilla; F, maxilliped; G, labrum, anterior, arrows indicating pockets; H, labrum, posterior, arrows indicating dentiform processes. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, B, 50 μm; C-H, 20 μm.

FIG. 1 in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 1. — Location of sampling station (KOMO, KODOS Long-term Monitoring Station) in the northeastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.

FIG. 2. — Triconia komo n in Two new species of the similis-subgroup of Triconia Böttger- Schnack, 1999 (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) and a redescription of T. denticula Wi, Shin & Soh, 2011 from the northeastern equatorial Pacific

FIG. 2. — Triconia komo n. sp. female: A, habitus, dorsal; B, habitus, lateral; C, urosome, dorsal, with setae on caudal rami numbered using Roman numerals; D, urosome, lateral; E, P5, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A-D, 100 μm; E, 20 μm.