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11 results for “euglenids”
Figs. A-D in Three newly recorded heterotrophic euglenids (Protist), Entosiphon oblongum, Euglena longa and Keelungia pulex from South Korea
Figs. A-D: Entosiphon oblongum (KF030). A: General appearance of cell 1, showing ventral view. B: Dorsal view of cell 1. C: Ventral view of cell 2. D: Dorsal view of cell 3; Arrowheads show grooves. E-G: Euglena longa (KF072). E: General appearance of cell 1. F: Cell 2, showing CV. G: Cell 3 showing FR. Arrow heads show paramylum granules. H-J: Keelungia pulex (KM080). H: Cell 1 and cell 2. I: General appearance of gliding cell 3. J: Cell 4 showing dorsal view and ridge (arrow head). FS: feeding siphon, AF: anterior flagellum, PF: posterior flagellum, FR: flagellar reservoir, F: flagellum, CV: contractile vacuole, IA: ingestion apparatus. All micrographs are DIC (differential interference contrast) images. Scale bar: 10 μm in (J).
Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree
<p>Euglenids are a diverse group of flagellates that inhabit most environments and exhibit many different nutritional modes. The most prominent euglenids are phototrophs, but phagotrophs constitute the majority of phylogenetic diversity of euglenids. They are pivotal to our understanding of euglenid evolution, yet we are only starting to understand relationships amongst phagotrophs, with the backbone of the tree being the most elusive. Ploeotids make up most of this backbone diversity—yet despite their morphological similarities, SSU rDNA analyses and multigene analyses show they are non-monophyletic. As more ploeotid diversity is sampled, known taxa have coalesced into some subgroups (e.g. Alistosa), but the relationships between these are not always supported and some taxa remain unsampled for multigene phylogenetics. Here, we used light microscopy and single-cell transcriptomics to characterize five ploeotid euglenids and place them into a multigene phylogenetic framework. Our analyses place <em>Decastava</em> in Alistosa; while <em>Hemiolia</em> branches with <em>Liburna</em>, establishing the novel clade Karavia. We describe <em>Hemiolia limna</em>, a freshwater-dwelling species in an otherwise marine clade. Intriguingly, two undescribed ploeotids are found to occupy pivotal positions in the tree: <em>Chelandium granulatum</em> nov. gen. nov. sp. branches as sister to <em>Olkasia</em>, and <em>Gaulosia striata</em> nov. gen. nov. sp. remains an orphan taxon.</p>
Molecular phylogenetics of sessile Dolium sedentarium, a petalomonad euglenid
<p>The euglenids are a species-rich group of flagellates with varying modes of nutrition that can be found in diverse habitats. Phagotrophic members of this group gave rise to phototrophs and hold the key to understanding the evolution of euglenids as a whole, including the evolution of complex morphological characters like the euglenid pellicle. Yet to understand the evolution of these characters, a comprehensive sampling of molecular data is needed to correlate morphological and molecular data and to estimate a basic phylogenetic backbone of the group. While the availability of SSU rDNA and, more recently, multigene data from phagotrophic euglenids has improved, several 'orphan' taxa remain without any molecular data whatsoever. <em>Dolium</em> <em>sedentarium</em> is one such taxon: It is a rarely-observed phagotrophic euglenid that inhabits tropical benthic environments and is one of the few known sessile euglenids. Based on morphological characters, it has been thought of as part of the earliest branch of euglenids, the Petalomonadida. We report the first molecular sequencing data for <em>Dolium</em> using single-cell transcriptomics. Both SSU rDNA and multigene phylogenies confirm it as a solitary branch within Petalomonadida.</p>
Molecular phylogenetics of sessile Dolium sedentarium, a petalomonad euglenid
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Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree
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The molecular diversity of phagotrophic Euglenids examined using single-cell methods
<p>Euglenids are a diverse group of euglenozoan flagellates that includes phototrophs, osmotrophs, andphagotrophs. Despite making up most of the phylogenetic diversity of euglenids, phagotrophs remain understudied, and recent work has focused on 'deep-branching' groups. Spirocuta is the large clade encompassing all flexible euglenids including the phototroph and primary osmotroph clades, plus various phagotrophs. Understanding the phylogenetic diversity of phagotrophic spirocutes is crucial for tracing euglenid evolution, including how phototrophs arose.We used single-cell approaches to greatly increase sampling of SSU rDNA for phagotrophic euglenids, particularly spirocutes, including the first sequences from <em>Urceolus, Jenningsia, Chasmostoma</em>, and <em>Sphenomonas</em>, and expanded coverage for <em>Dinema</em> and <em>Heteronema</em> sensu lato, amongst others. <em>Urceolus</em> monophyly is unconfirmed. Organisms referred to Jenningsia form two distinct clades. <em>Heteronema vittatum</em> and similar cells branch separately from <em>Heteronema</em> (c.f.) <em>globuliferum</em> and <em>Teloprocta/Heteronema scaphurum</em>, while <em>Dinema</em> appears as 2–3 clades. <em>Sphenomonas</em> is monophyletic and the deepest branch within Petalomonadida. The census of genera markedly underestimates the phylogenetic diversity of phagotrophs, but taxonomic restraint is necessary when sequences are not available from type species or reasonable surrogates. SSU rDNA phylogenies do not resolve most deep relationships within Spirocuta, but identify units of diversity to sample in future multigene analyses.</p>
Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs
<p>Euglenids are a well-known group of single-celled eukaryotes, with phototrophic, osmotrophic and phagotrophic members. Phagotrophs represent most of the phylogenetic diversity of euglenids, and gave rise to the phototrophs and osmotrophs, but their evolutionary relationships are poorly understood. Symbiontids, in contrast, are anaerobes that are alternatively inferred to be derived euglenids, or a separate euglenozoan group. Most phylogenetic studies of euglenids have examined the SSU rDNA gene only, which is often highly divergent. Also, many phagotrophic euglenids (and symbiontids) are uncultured, restricting collection of other molecular data. We generated transcriptome data for 28 taxa, mostly using a single-cell approach, and conducted the first multigene phylogenetic analyses of euglenids to include phagotrophs and symbiontids. Euglenids are recovered as monophyletic, with symbiontids forming an independent branch within Euglenozoa. Spirocuta, the clade of flexible euglenids that contains both the phototrophs (Euglenophyceae) and osmotrophs (Aphagea), is robustly resolved, with the ploeotid <em>Olkasia</em> as its sister group, forming the new taxon Olkaspira. Ploeotids are paraphyletic, although Ploeotiidae (represented by <em>Ploeotia</em> spp.), <em>Lentomonas</em>, and <em>Keelungia</em> form a robust clade (new taxon Alistosa). Petalomonadida branches robustly as sister to other euglenids in outgroup-rooted analyses. Within Spirocuta, Euglenophyceae is a robust clade that includes <em>Rapaza</em>, and Anisonemia is a well-supported monophyletic group containing Anisonemidae (<em>Anisonema</em> and <em>Dinema</em> spp.), '<em>Heteronema</em> II' (represented by <em>H. vittatum</em>), and a clade of <em>Neometanema</em> plus Aphagea. Among 'peranemid' phagotrophs, <em>Chasmostoma</em> branches with included <em>Urceolus</em>, and <em>Peranema</em> with the undescribed '<em>Jenningsia</em> II', while other relationships are weakly supported and consequently the closest sister group to Euglenophyceae remains unresolved. Our results are inconsistent with recent inferences that <em>Entosiphon</em> is the evolutionarily pivotal sister either to other euglenids, or to Spirocuta. At least three transitions between posterior and anterior flagellar gliding occurred in euglenids, with the phylogenetic positions and directions of those transitions remaining ambiguous.</p>
Data from: Ploeotids represent much of the phylogenetic diversity of euglenids
Ploeotids are an assemblage of rigid phagotrophic euglenids that have 10–12 pellicular strips and glide on their posterior flagellum. Molecular phylogenies place them as a poorly resolved, likely paraphyletic assemblage outside the Spirocuta clade of flexible euglenids, which includes the well-known phototrophs and primary osmotrophs. Here, we report SSU rRNA gene sequences from 38 ploeotids, using both single-cell and culture-based methods. Several contain group I or non-canonical introns. Our phylogenetic analyses place ploeotids in 8 distinct clades: Olkasia n. gen, Hemiolia n. gen Liburna n. gen, Lentomonas, Decastava, Keelungia, Ploeotiidae, and Entosiphon. Ploeotia vitrea, the type of Ploeotia, is closely related to P. oblonga and Serpenomonas costata, but not to Lentomonas. Ploeotia cf. vitrea sensu Lax and Simpson 2013 is not related to P. vitrea and has a different pellicle strip architecture (as imaged by scanning electron microscopy): it instead represents a novel genus and species, Olkasia polycarbonata. We also describe new genera, Hemiolia and Liburna, for the morphospecies Anisonema trepidum and A. glaciale. A recent system proposing 13 suprafamilial taxa that include ploeotids is not supported by our phylogenies. The exact relationships between ploeotid groups remain unresolved and multigene phylogenetics or phylogenomics are needed to address this uncertainty.
Data from: Ploeotids represent much of the phylogenetic diversity of euglenids
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The molecular diversity of phagotrophic Euglenids examined using single-cell methods
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Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs
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