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40 results for “evolution of jaws”
Fig. 246. Tribe Bothremydini, genus indeterminate. AMNH 29989, lower jaws. A in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 246. Tribe Bothremydini, genus indeterminate. AMNH 29989, lower jaws. A, dorsal; B, left lateral; C, right medial. [A.M. Phillips, del.]
Fig. 245. Tribe Bothremydini, genus indeterminate. AMNH 29989, lower jaws. A in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 245. Tribe Bothremydini, genus indeterminate. AMNH 29989, lower jaws. A, dorsal; B, left lateral; C, right medial; D, anterolateral oblique. [E.S. Gaffney, del.]
Fig. 239. Bothremys cooki Leidy, 1865. AMNH 2521 holotype, lower jaws. A in EVOLUTION OF THE SIDE-NECKED TURTLES: THE FAMILIES BOTHREMYDIDAE, EURAXEMYDIDAE, AND ARARIPEMYDIDAE
Fig. 239. Bothremys cooki Leidy, 1865. AMNH 2521 holotype, lower jaws. A, dorsal; B, dorsal; C, right lateral. Light gray shows extent of pit. [A.M. Phillips, del.]
Fig. 1 in Convergent evolution of jaws between spinosaurid dinosaurs and pike conger eels
Fig. 1. Comparative evolution of jaws between Muraenesocidae (A) and Spinosauridae (B). Craniodental morphologies of Recent pike conger eels and Cretaceous spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs are convergently similar, likely resulting from similar feeding habits. In the sister groups of Muraenesocidae and Spinosauridae, here represented respectively by Conger (Congridae) and Dubreuillosaurus (Megalosauridae), skulls exhibit the plesiomorphic condition (i.e., rostrum not markedly elongated, absence of premaxillary and dentary "rosettes", dentition homodont). The derived condition observed in both pike congers and spinosaurs, which seems to be associated with an enhanced sensitivity, can be interpreted as an adaptation to forage efficiently in aquatic environments and to grab evasive prey items such as fishes. Muraenesocidae are represented here by Muraenesox bagio (skull and head), and Spinosauridae by Baryonyx walkeri (skull) and Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (head reconstruction; courtesy of Stephen O'Connor). Characters: 1, elongated rostrum; 2, terminal "rosette" in both upper and lower jaws; 3, deep notch posterior to the upper jaw "rosette"; 4, strong heterodonty (in size); 5, "rosettes" bearing enlarged teeth. Illustrations not to scale.
Data from: Malagasy cichlids differentially limit impacts of body shape evolution on oral jaw functional morphology
Patterns of trait covariation, like integration and modularity, are vital factors that influence the evolution of vertebrate body plans. In functional systems, decoupling of morphological modules buffers functional change in one trait by reducing correlated variation with another. However, for complex morphologies with many-to-one mapping of form to function (MTOM), resistance to functional change may also be achieved by constraining morphological variation within a functionally stable region of morphospace. For this research, we used geometric morphometrics to evaluate the evolution of body shape and its relationship to jaw functional morphology in two independent radiations of endemic Malagasy cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Our results suggested that the two subfamilies used different strategies to mitigate impacts of body shape variation on a metric of jaw function, maxillary kinematic transmission (MKT): (1) modularity between cranial and postcranial morphologies, and (2) integration of body and jaw evolution, with jaw morphologies varying in a manner that limits change in MKT. This research shows that, unlike modularity, MTOM allows traits to retain strong evolutionary covariation while still reducing impacts on functionality. These results suggest that MTOM, and its influence on the evolution of correlated traits, is likely much more widespread than is currently understood.
Data for: A new ‘acanthothoracid’ placoderm from the Arctic Canada (Early Devonian) and its bearing on the evolution of jaws and teeth
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Data from: Malagasy cichlids differentially limit impacts of body shape evolution on oral jaw functional morphology
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Data from: Pleiotropic jaw morphology links the evolution of mechanical modularity and functional feeding convergence in Lake Malawi Cichlids
Complexity in how mechanistic variation translates into ecological novelty could be critical to organismal diversification. For instance, when multiple distinct morphologies can generate the same mechanical or functional phenotype this could mitigate tradeoffs and/or provide alternative ways to meet the same ecological challenge. To investigate how this type of complexity shapes diversity in a classic adaptive radiation, we tested several evolutionary consequences of the anterior jaw four-bar linkage for Lake Malawi cichlid trophic diversification. Using a novel phylogenetic framework, we demonstrated that different mechanical outputs of the same four jaw elements are evolutionarily associated with both jaw protrusion distance and jaw protrusion angle. However, these two functional aspects of jaw protrusion have evolved independently. Additionally, although four-bar morphology showed little evidence for attraction to optima, there was substantial evidence of adaptive peaks for emergent four-bar linkage mechanics and jaw protrusion abilities among Malawi feeding guilds. Finally, we highlighted a clear case of "cryptic convergence" in which two cichlid species that have independently evolved to graze algae in less than two million years, have converged on similar jaw protrusion abilities as well as four-bar linkage mechanics, but have evolved these similarities via non-convergent four-bar morphologies.
Data from: Pleiotropic jaw morphology links the evolution of mechanical modularity and functional feeding convergence in Lake Malawi Cichlids
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Functional constraints during development limit jaw shape evolution in marsupials
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Data from: Functional innovation promotes diversification of form in the evolution of an ultrafast trap-jaw mechanism
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Data from: The evolution of pharyngognathy: a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond
The perciform group Labroidei includes approximately 2,500 species and comprises some of the most diverse and successful lineages of teleost fishes. Composed of four major clades, Cichlidae, Labridae (wrasses, parrotfishes and weed whitings), Pomacentridae (damselfishes), and Embiotocidae (surfperches), labroids have been an icon for studies of biodiversity, adaptive radiation, and sexual selection. The success and diversification of labroids have been largely attributed to the presence of a major innovation in the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, pharyngognathy, which is hypothesized to increase feeding capacity and versatility. We present results of large-scale phylogenetic analyses and a survey of pharyngeal jaw functional morphology, that allow us to examine the evolution of pharyngognathy in a historical context. Phylogenetic analyses were based on a sample of 188 acanthomorph species, primarily percomorphs, and DNA sequence data collected from ten nuclear loci that have been previously used to resolve higher-level ray-finned fish relationships. Phylogenies inferred from this dataset using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate polyphyly of the traditional Labroidei and clearly separate Labridae from the remainder of the traditional labroid lineages (Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, and Pomacentridae). These three "chromide" families all grouped together within a newly discovered clade of 40 families and more than 5,300+ species (>30% of percomorphs and >17% of all ray-finned fishes), which we name Ovalentaria for its characteristic demersal, adhesive eggs with chorionic filaments. This fantastically diverse clade includes some of the most species-rich lineages of marine and freshwater fishes, including all representatives of the Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, Pomacentridae, Ambassidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Mugilidae, Opistognathidae, Pholidichthyidae, Plesiopidae (including Notograptus), Polycentridae, Pseudochromidae, Atherinomorpha, and Blennioidei. Beyond the discovery of Ovalentaria, this study provides a surprising, but well-supported, hypothesis for a convict-blenny (Pholidichthys) sister group to the charismatic cichlids and new insights into the evolution of pharyngognathy. Bayesian stochastic mapping ancestral state reconstructions indicate pharyngognathy has evolved at least six times in percomorphs, including four separate origins in members of the former Labroidei, one origin in the Centrogenyidae, and one origin within Beloniformes. Our analyses indicate that all pharyngognathous fishes have a mechanically efficient biting mechanism enabled by the muscular sling and a single lower jaw element. However, a major distinction exists between Labridae, which lacks the widespread, generalized percomorph pharyngeal biting mechanism, and all other pharyngognathous clades, which possess this generalized biting mechanism in addition to pharyngognathy. This suggests that labrids have a functionally more restricted pharyngeal system than all other pharyngognathous clades.
Figure 8 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 8 Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890, male (SMF 1553). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Ventral habitus; D–G. Left chelicera: D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H–J. Left male palp: H. Mesal view; I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 0.5 mm (D, E, F, G); 0.2 mm (H, I, J).
Figure 7 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 7 Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841, SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 0229); B. Left female chelicera, upper view (MCTP 43306 ex 0370); C. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 0229); D. Left male palp conductor detail and pleats, mesal view (MCTP 0229); E. Tip of conductor detail, dorsal view (MCTP 43306 ex 0370); F. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (MCTP 0229); G. Epiandrous field, ventral view (MCTP 43306 ex 0370). Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, C); 0.2 mm (D); 0.01 mm (E); 0.3 mm (F); 0.05 mm (G).
Figure 6 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 6 Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841, female. A. Dorsal habitus (MCTP 28045); B. Lateral habitus (MCTP 28045); C–F. Left chelicera (MCTP 28045): C. Upper view; D. Inner view; E. Lower view; F. Outer view; G, H. Genital area: G. Genital fold, ventral view (MCTP 28045); H. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 28306). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F); 0.5 mm (G); 0.2 mm (H).
Figure 4 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 4 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865 labels. A.T. bogotensis from Taquara, Brazil (NHM); B.T. bogotensis from Bogotá, Colombia (NHM); C.T. ramboi syntype from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (MNRJ 42467); D.T. bemalcuei holotype from Paraguay (NMB).
Figure 9 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 9 Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1351); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1351); C. Ventral habitus (SMF 1351); D–G. Left chelicera (MCTP 14749): D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H, I. Genital area: H. Genital fold, ventral view (MCTP 14749); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1504). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 1 mm (D, E, F, G); 0.5 mm (H); 0.1 mm (I).
Figure 5 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 5 Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841, male (MCTP 28045). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Ventral habitus; D–G. Left chelicera: D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H–K. Left male palp: H. Mesal view with tibia; I. Mesal view detail; J. Dorsal view; K. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 1 mm (D, E, F, G, H); 0.5 mm (I, J, K).
Figure 22 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 22 Records of the material we analysed (circles), including the type localities of Neotropical junior synonyms cited in the text (stars and triangles). A.Tetragnatha bogotensis; B.Tetragnatha elongata; C.Tetragnatha keyserlingi (excluding Haiti); D.Tetragnatha mandibulata; E.Tetragnatha nitens; F.Tetragnatha vermiformis.
Figure 3 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 3 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, SEM photos. A. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 4299); B. Left male chelicera, upper view (MCTP 4299); C. Left female chelicera, upper view (MCTP 4299); D. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (SMF 0044); E. Left palp conductor detail, mesal view (MCTP 4299); F. Epiandrous field, ventral view (SMF 0044). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, C); 0.1 mm (D); 0.05 mm (E); 0.02 mm (F).
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