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42 results for “evolutionary loss”
Divergence in reproductive behaviors is associated with the evolutionary loss of parental care
<p>The mechanisms underlying the divergence of reproductive strategies between closely-related species are still poorly understood. Additionally, it is unclear which selective factors drive the evolution of reproductive behavioral variation and how these traits coevolve, particularly during early divergence. To address these questions, we quantified behavioral differences in a recently diverged pair of Nova Scotian three-spined stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) populations, which vary in parental care, with one population displaying paternal care and the other lacking this. We compared both populations, and a full reciprocal F1 hybrid cross, across four major reproductive stages: territoriality, nesting, courtship, and parenting. We identified significant divergence in a suite of heritable behaviors. Importantly, F1 hybrids exhibited a mix of behavioral patterns, some of which suggest sex-linkage. This system offers fresh insights into the coevolutionary dynamics of reproductive behaviors during early divergence and offers support for the hypothesis that coevolutionary feedback between sexual selection and parental care can drive rapid evolution of reproductive strategies.</p>
Shifts in evolutionary lability underlie independent gains and losses of root-nodule symbiosis in a single clade of plants
<p><span>Supplementary Data 4 from the manuscript "Shifts in evolutionary lability underlie independent gains and losses of root-nodule symbiosis in a single clade of plants". </span></p> <p><span>A concatenated alignment of all samples and all loci. This file was used for branch length estimation and not directly for phylogeny reconstruction (though an extraction of each subtree taxonomic samples subset from this alignment would be the alignment used to produce the scaffolded subtrees that were described in the paper). Sequences are labeled by well and can be mapped back to taxon for sub-setting and further use using Supplementary Data 1. </span></p>
Evolutionary gain and loss of a pathological immune response to parasitism
<p><span>Parasites impose fitness costs on their hosts. Biologists often assume that natural selection favors infection-resistant hosts. Yet, when the immune response itself is costly, theory suggests selection may instead favor loss of resistance. Intraspecific variation in immune costs are rarely surveyed in a manner that tests evolutionary patterns, and there are few examples of adaptive loss of resistance. Here, we show that when marine threespine stickleback colonized freshwater lakes they gained resistance to the freshwater-associated tapeworm, <em>Schistocephalus solidus</em>. Extensive peritoneal fibrosis and inflammation is a commonly observed phenotype that contributes to suppression of cestode growth and viability, but also impose a substantial cost of reduced fecundity. Combining genetic mapping and population genomics, we find that opposing selection generates immune system differences between tolerant and resistant populations, consistent with divergent optimization.</span></p>
Fig. 7 in Loss of complexity from larval towards adult nervous systems in Chaetopteridae (Chaetopteriformia, Annelida) unveils evolutionary patterns in Annelida
Fig. 7 The anterior adult nervous system of Phyllochaetopterus sp. revealed by immunohistochemistry. a, b confocal maximum projections of anti-5HT-staining. a: The brain (br) consists of a compact neuropil without prominent commissures. The palp nerves (pn1, pn2)
Fig. 8 in Loss of complexity from larval towards adult nervous systems in Chaetopteridae (Chaetopteriformia, Annelida) unveils evolutionary patterns in Annelida
Fig. 8 Representative larval and juvenile stages of Chaetopterus variopedatus. Light microscopic images. Stages are shown in hours (hpf) or days past fertilization (dpf). a: 48 hpf, the larvae are still spherical and possess a prominent apical tuft (at) at the anterior end. b: 13 dpf, the larvae exhibit an elongated body, with prominent apical eyespots (ey) and distinct chaetal bundles (ch). mo: mouth opening. c:> 50 dpf,
Fig. 4 in Loss of complexity from larval towards adult nervous systems in Chaetopteridae (Chaetopteriformia, Annelida) unveils evolutionary patterns in Annelida
Fig. 4 Adult ultrastructure of the nervous system. a: The brain is intraepidermal; i.e., the neurites (ne) are located dorsal to the basal lamina (bl). Intermediate filaments (if) are located inside radial glial cell processes (gcp) which cross the neuropil perpendicularly. mu: musculature. b: Somata (so) of neurons are located dorsal to the neurites (ne). Nuclei (nu) of neuronal somata are spherical. Somata of glial cells (sogc) are interspersed between the neuronal somata (so).
Fig. 2 in Loss of complexity from larval towards adult nervous systems in Chaetopteridae (Chaetopteriformia, Annelida) unveils evolutionary patterns in Annelida
Fig. 2 Adult histology of the cns. Azan, 5 µm, sections of anterior body region A (according to chaetopterid nomenclature). a, c, e: Spiochaetopterus costarum; b, d, f: Chaetopterus norvegicus. a: the brain (br) is located inside the epidermis (ep). It is composed of a neuropil (np) and dorsally located neuronal somata (so). Lateral of the brain, the lateral medullary cords (lmc) branch of. bl: basal lamina; eso: esophagus. b: The brain (br) is intraepidermal. The somata (so) layer is located dorsally to the neuropil (np). An esophageal plexus (epl) connects both medullary cords continuously. bl: basal lamina; ep: epidermis; eso: esophagus; c: somata (so) of the neuro-
Data from: An evolutionary loss of parental care in stickleback is associated with differences in the activity, but not the number, of neuropeptidergic neurons in the preoptic area
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Data from: Maintaining local adaptation is key for evolutionary rescue and long-term persistence of populations experiencing habitat loss and a changing environment
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Evolutionary gain and loss of a pathological immune response to parasitism
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Divergence in reproductive behaviors is associated with the evolutionary loss of parental care
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The evolutionary loss of paternal care is associated with shifts in female life history traits
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Data from: Loss and recovery of ecological diversity associated with evolutionary rescue in abruptly and gradually deteriorating environments
<p><span>Populations may survive environmental deterioration by evolutionary adaptation. However, such evolutionary rescue events may be associated with ecological costs, such as reduction in growth performance and loss of ecologically important genetic diversity. Those negative ecological consequences may be mitigated by additional adaptive evolution. Both the ecological costs and the opportunities for additional evolution are contingent on the severity of environmental deterioration. Here we hypothesize that populations evolutionarily rescued from faster, relative to slow, environmental deterioration suffer more severe long-term fitness decline and diversity loss. An experiment with the model adaptive radiation of bacterium <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em> exposed to abruptly or gradually increased antibiotic stress supported our hypothesis. The effect of additional adaptive evolution in recovering population size and ecological diversity was far from perfect. Cautions are therefore needed in predicting the role of rapid evolution for mitigating the impacts of environmental changes, in particular very fast environmental deterioration. We also found that bacterial populations rescued from gradually increased antibiotic stress evolved higher levels of antibiotic resistance, lending more support to </span><span>aggressive chemotherapy in pathogen control</span><span>.</span></p>
Data from: Evolutionary loss of complexity in animal signals: cause and consequence
<p>We identified hypotheses for the cause and consequences of the loss of complexity in animal signals and tested these using a genus of visually communicating lizards, the South-east Asian Draco lizards. Males of some species have lost the headbob component from their display, which is otherwise central to the communication of this genus. These males instead display a large, colourful dewlap to defend territories and attract mates. This dewlap initially evolved to augment the headbob component of the display, but has become the exclusive system of communication. We tested whether the loss of headbobs was caused by relaxed selection, habitat-dependent constraints, or size-specific energetic constraints on display movement. We then examined whether the consequences of this loss have been mitigated by increased signalling effort or complexity in the colour of the dewlap. It appears the increased cost of display movement resulting from the evolution of large body size might have contributed to the loss of headbobs and has been somewhat compensated for by the evolution of greater complexity in dewlap colour. However, this evolutionary shift is unlikely to have maintained the complexity previously present in the communication system, resulting in an apparent detrimental loss of information potential.</p>
Data from: Loss and recovery of ecological diversity associated with evolutionary rescue in abruptly and gradually deteriorating environments
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Data from: Evolutionary loss of complexity in animal signals: cause and consequence
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The evolutionary demise of a social interaction: experimentally induced loss of traits involved in the supply and demand of care
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Data from: Sexual signal loss: the link between behavior and rapid evolutionary dynamics in a field cricket
1. Sexual signals may be acquired or lost over evolutionary time, and are tempered in their exaggeration by natural selection. 2. In the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, a mutation ("flatwing") causing loss of the sexual signal, the song, spread in < 20 generations in two of three Hawaiian islands where the crickets have been introduced. Flatwing (as well as some normal-wing) males behave as satellites, moving towards and settling near calling males to intercept phonotactic females. 3. From 2005-2012, we surveyed crickets and their responses to conspecific song, noting the morph and number of males and females before and after experimental playbacks. The three Hawaiian islands consistently contained different proportions of flatwing crickets, ranging from about 90% of males on Kauai to 50% on Oahu to rare on the Big Island of Hawaii. 4. Flatwing and normal-wing males do not appear to differ in responsiveness to playback, a behavior that should influence the likelihood of a male encountering a phonotactic female. Instead, male and female crickets from populations in which little to no calling song is perceptible during development tended to seek out callers more readily than crickets that developed in noisier environments. Such increased phonotaxis makes females more likely to find either the caller to which they are responding or to encounter a flatwing (or normal male satellite) that has also been attracted to the song. 5. Our evidence suggests that pre-existing behavioral plasticity (manifest as flexible responses to social – particularly acoustic – information in the environment) is associated with the rapid spread of the flatwing trait. Different social environments select for differential success of flatwing or normal-wing males, which in turn alters the social environment itself.
Data from: Rapid evolutionary loss of metal resistance revealed by hatching decades-old eggs
We investigated the evolutionary response of an ecologically important freshwater crustacean, Daphnia, to a rapidly changing toxin environment. From the 1920s until the 1960s, the use of leaded gasoline caused the aquatic concentration of Pb to increase at least 5-fold, presumably exerting rapid selective pressure on organisms for resistance. We predicted that Daphnia from this time of intense pollution would display greater resistance than those hatched from times of lower pollution. This question was addressed directly using the resurrection ecology approach, whereby dormant propagules from focal time periods were hatched and compared. We hatched several Daphnia genotypes from each of two Swiss lakes, during times of higher (1960s / 1980s) and lower (2000s) lead stress, and compared their life histories under different laboratory levels of this stressor. Modern Daphnia had significantly reduced fitness, measured as the population growth rate (λ), when exposed to lead, while those genotypes hatched from times of high lead pollution did not display this reduction. These phenotypic differences contrast with only slight differences measured at neutral loci. We infer that Daphnia in these lakes were able to rapidly adapt to increasing lead concentrations, and just as rapidly lost this adaptation when the stressor was removed.
Data from: Replicated evolutionary divergence in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of male crickets associated with the loss of song in the Hawaiian archipelago
Female choice based on male secondary sexual traits is well documented, although the extent to which this selection can drive an evolutionary divergence in male traits among populations is less clear. Male field crickets Teleogryllus oceanicus attract females using a calling song and once contacted switch to courtship song to persuade them to mate. These crickets also secrete onto their cuticle a cocktail of long-chained fatty acids or cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Females choose among potential mates based on the structure of male acoustic signals and on the composition of male CHC profiles. Here, we utilize two naturally occurring mutations that have arisen independently on two Hawaiian islands and render the male silent to ask whether the evolutionary loss of acoustic signalling can drive an evolutionary divergence in the alternative signalling modality, male CHC profiles. QST-FST comparisons revealed strong patterns of CHC divergence among three populations of crickets on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu and Kauai. Contrasts between wild-type and flatwing males on the islands of Oahu and Kauai indicated that variation in male CHC profiles within populations is associated with the loss of acoustic signalling; flatwing males had a relatively low abundance of long-chained CHCs relative to the short-chained CHCs that females find attractive. Given their dual functions in desiccation resistance and sexual signalling, insect CHCs may be particularly important traits for reproductive isolation and ultimately speciation.
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