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Fig. 3 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 3. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. Stereo-pair in ventro-lateral view side (A1); ventral view exhibiting pairs of antennae and mandibles, first right post-mandibular limb and remains of second and third post-mandibular limbs, putative gut tube indicated by arrow, anterior to the left (A2); pairs of antennae in anterior view, mandibles with reduced exopods partly visible (A3); BSE image highlighting proximal part of the left antenna with ring-like structure at its base (arrow) A4); BSE image depicting proximal part of the right antenna in anterior view, with basal ring-like cuticular plate (arrow) (A5); left mandible and antenna in postero-lateral view (A6); left antenna and mandible in ventral view (A7). Abbreviations: an, antenna; en, endopod; ex-md, exopod of the mandible; lst, limb stem; md, mandible; st, sternum.

Fig. 2 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 2. Terminology of limb morphology of Cyclotron angelini (Linnarson, 1875). A. Antenna. B. Mandibula. C. 1st post-mandibular limb. D. Terminal limb.

Fig. 6 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 6. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. Stereo-pair in postero-lateral view with 7th limb (A1); detailed view of distal part of 7th limb in poster-ventral view, exhibiting membranous wall and setulose setae of the exopod, note tiny endopod in postero-ventral view (A2); details of 7th limb in posterior view, note arthrodial membrane in distal part (A3); posterior part of the body proper with possible anus (arrow) (A4); detailed view of sternum surface covered with fine setules (A5). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod.

Fig. 5 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 5. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. First right post-mandibular limb in postero-median view (A1); first left post-mandibular limb in anterior view, note large paddle-shaped exopod with few distal annuli, note arthrodial membrane between endopodal segments (A2); detailed view of A2 concentrating on two-divided endopod and arthrodial membrane between endopodal segments (A3, A4); lateral basipodal margin of the second right post-mandibular limb, bearing three setae (arrows) (A5); partly preserved second left post-mandibular limb in posterior view with three setae (arrows) on lateral margin of basipod in posterior view (A6); and anterior view indicating place left by proximal endite broken off (arrow) (A7); detailed view of A1, with setation and glandular openings (arrows) on posterior side of basipodal endite (A8). Abbreviations: am, arthrodial membrane; ba, basipod; en, endopod; ex, exopod; pe, proximal endite.

Fig. 7 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 7. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron sp. from Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. A. ZPAL Cr.11/ph095. Internal view of right valve depicting shell, inner lamella and partly preserved cuticle with apodemes in dorsal part, anterior to the right (A1); detailed view of A1 exhibiting apodemes (numbers of supposed limbs: antenna (2nd), mandible (3rd) and three post-mandibular limbs (4th–6th) and structures interpreted as remains of muscles of hypostome/labrum complex; anterior is up, two nodes, possibly representing muscle scars (arrows) (A2); enlarged posterior part of valve with two apodemes (4th and 5th) and two nodes, possibly representing muscle scars (arrows) in oblique dorso-posterior view, anterior to the right (A3); enlarged proximal part of apodeme (2nd) with muscle fibers attached inside (A4); detailed view of apodeme (4th) with attached putative muscle (A5); detailed view of supposed right proximal part of hypostome-labrum structures, anterior is up (A6). B. ZPAL Cr.11/ph102. Left valve depicting shield, internal lamella cuticle and body cuticle wall with preserved apodemes (B1); detailed view of B1 exhibiting apodemes (2nd–6th), two nodes, possibly representing muscle scars (arrows) (B2); apodemes in oblique latero-ventral view (B3); detailed view of putative muscle fibers within apodeme (4th) (B4); apodeme (4th) in internal view showing putative muscle attached in proximal depression (B5); detailed view depicting proximal part of apodeme (5th) with putative muscle fibers (B6); apodeme (5th) in median view (B7); apodeme (4th) in posterior view (B8); detailed view of supposed proximal hypostome-labrum structures (arrow), in dorsal view (B9). Abbreviations: in, inner lamella cuticle; lst, limb stem; sh, shield.

Fig. 4 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 4. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. Left mandible in posterior view, note the empty space left by the setose endite ("basipodal endite") broken off between gnathobase of coxa and endopod (A1); pairs of antennae and mandibles in oblique ventral view (A2); proximal part of right antenna in anterior view; note coxa of mandible with the circular cuticular structure around the exopod (arrow) (A3); margin of left coxal gnathobase with tuft-like setae (A4); distal part of right mandible with part of coxa, setose endite ("basipodal endite") and two-divided endopod (arrow) (A5); distal part of left mandible with preserved coxa and endopod, note sternum with left paragnath; setose endite ("basipodal endite") is not preserved (A6). Abbreviations: an, antenna; co, coxa; en, endopod; ex, exopod; gn, gnathobase; md, mandible; se, setose endite; st, sternum.

Fig. 1. A in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of study area in northern Poland, Dębki (asterisk). B. Stratigraphic column showing location of the sample with Phosphatocopida.

Fig. 8 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland

Fig. 8. Examples of phosphatocopids with soft parts preserved from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. A. ZPAL Cr.11/ ph414, head larvae stage of Hesslandona unisulcata Müller, 1982, ventral is up; BSE image, lateral view of right side exhibiting antenna, mandible and first post-mandibular limb, small triangle-like cuticular structure at base of antenna (arrow) (A1); BSE image, detailed view of proximal part of antenna, small triangle-like cuticular structure at base of antenna (arrow), and mandible with coxa and basipod, note poorly visible border line between coxa and basipod in lateral part of limb (A2); antero-lateral view depicting antenna (arrow), mandible and first post-mandibular limb, distal part of labrum partly visible (A3); BSE image, exhibiting first post-mandibular limb, proximal endite masked by matrix (note the elongate depression on the lateral part of basipod and exopod inserting on its distal part) (A4). B. ZPAL Cr.11/ph222, an undetermined phosphatocopid; antero-lateral view of the right side depicting heart-like hypostome, inserting place of antennula (arrow); distal parts of antenna and mandible partly broken off (B1); BSE image, detailed view of proximal parts of antenna, note swollen proximal area of limb stem possibly representing lateral part of coxa (white arrow), and possible basipod with arising exopod on its distal part; mandible, note possible remains of border line (white arrow) between coxa and strongly reduced basipod; inserting place of antennula with preserved arthrodial membrane (black arrow) (B2); detailed view of proximal part of antenna exhibiting swollen part (arrow) and arthrodial membrane (B3); postero-lateral view depicting first left post-mandibular limb with relatively large setose proximal endite, basipod with inserting place of exopod developed as long depression and with partly preserved exopod and partly preserved endopod (B4). C. ZPAL Cr.11/ph202, an undetermined phosphatocopid in anterior view, representing early growth stage depicting hypostome-labrum with median eyes, pair of antennulae (arrow), and partly preserved antennae. D. ZPAL Cr.11/ph498, an undetermined phosphatocopid in view from behind, representing early growth stage exhibiting labrum, sternum, mandibles consisting of separate coxa and basipod, and right 1st post-mandibular limb. Abbreviations: atl, antennula; an, antenna; co, coxa; ba, basipod; en, endopod; ex, exopod; hp, hypostome, lb, labrum; lst, limb stem; me, median eye; md, mandible; pe, proximal endite; st, sternum.

Fig. 10 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 10 Evolutionary changes on the temporal region of sphenodontians. Many early-evolving lepidosaurs retain a single temporal fenestration as the jugal (cyan) does not contact the quadrate/quadratojugal (green) posteriorly. Afull development of the lower temporal bar and double temporal fenestration evolved independently at least twice in sphenodontians, once among clevosaurids and once in sphenodontines—an adaptation for stabilizing the quadrate and reducing overall stress in the skull during hard biting58. The latter is unique among lepidosaurs by including contributions from both the jugal and quadratojugal—a morphology convergent with many non-lepidosaurian early diapsid reptiles. Red circle, complete lower temporal bar; blue circle: incomplete lower temporal bar; blue-red gradient circle, lower temporal bar incomplete in juveniles but complete in adults. Skull drawings from top to bottom: Gephyrosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Megachirella (re-drawn by TRS from ref. 33), Diphydontosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Clevosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Palaeopleurosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Navajosphenodon (drawn by A. Brum), and Sphenodon (drawn by TRS based on MCZ R4702).

Fig. 9 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 9 Phylomorphospace of early lepidosaurs and sphenodontians using discrete morphological characters. Clade "A" refers to the clade recovered by the final analysis (relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference) both here and in Simões, et al.19, including Homeosaurus, pleurosaurids, and saphaeosaurids. For figures with individual taxon names, see Supplementary Fig. 4. Cyno Cynosphenodon, Kaw Kawasphenodon, Nav Navajosphenodon, Sphe. Sphenodon, Sphf. Sphenofontis.

Fig. 8 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 8 Majority rule consensus tree from the relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference analysis with tip dating. Results indicate the phylogenetic relationships among sphenodontians highlighting the placement of N. sani (in bold), clade posterior probabilities (top node values in bold), and median divergence times (bottom node values). Purple node error bars represent the 95% highest posterior density estimates for divergence times. Skull illustrations (all photos taken by TRS) for each major clade are, from top to bottom, Megachirella wachtleri (Squamata), Clevosaurus brasiliensis (Clevosauridae), Homeosaurus maximiliani (Homeosaurinae), Pleurosaurus gingsburi (Pleurosauridae), Kallimodon pulchellus, Priosphenodon avelasi (Eilenodontinae), and Sphenodon punctatus (Sphenodontinae).

Fig. 7 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 7 Postcranial skeleton of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Atlas, axis, and cervical vertebrae 3 and 4 in ventral view. b Part of Atlas–axis complex in dorsal view. c Dorsal vertebrae in ventral view. d Caudal vertebrae in lateral view. e Pelvic girdle and pygals in ventrolateral view. f Right pes in partial articulation. g Left pes with only distal phalanges preserved. h Left scapula and coracoid in lateral view. i Right(?) pubis and ilium. j Left forearm in posterior view. k Left forearm in anterior view. l Right forearm in anterior view (slightly displaced radius and ulna). m Right forearm in posterior view. Ace acetabulum, As astragulus, Ax axis, Ax.Ce. axis pleurocentrum, Ax.NS. axis neural spine, At.NA. atlas neural arches, Ca.V. caudal vertebra, Co coracoid, Ce.V. cervical vertebra, Dp.Cr. deltopectoral crest, Ent.Fr. entepicondylar foramen, H humerus, H.H. humeral head, Il ilium, Il.Bl. iliac blade (partially preserved), Is isquium, N.S. neural spine, Obt.Fr. obturator foramen, Od. odontoid (atlas centrum), Ol.Pr. olecranon process, Pn.Ph. penultimate phalanx, Po.No. posterior notch on acetabulum, Pu pubis, Pu.Pr. anterior pubic process, Py pygals, Ra radius, Ra.Cd. radial condyle, Sca scapula, Ul ulna, V.Cr. midventral crest, I–V digit number. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 6 Conservation of ontogenetic stages from Navajosphenodon to Sphenodon. Ontogenetic series on the maxilla (a–c) and dentary (d–f) of Sphenodon punctatus (rescaled to the same length). Ontogenetic series on the maxilla (g–i) and dentary (j–l) of Navajosphenodon sani. Specimen numbers: FMNH 207433 (b, e); FMNH 11113 (c, f); MCZ VP VP 9094 (g); MCZ VP VP 9100 (h); MCZ VP VP 9093 (i); MCZ VP VP 101564 (top left), MCZ VP VP 9094 (top right), MCZ VP VP 9099 (bottom left), MCZ VP VP 101569 (bottom right) (j); MNA.V.12442 (k); MCZ VP 9093 (l). a, d Re-drawn from ref. 43. Add.T. additional teeth, Alt.T. alternating teeth, Ang angular, D.C.Pr. dentary coronoid process, D.Po.Pr. dentary posterior process, Ed. edentulous region, Hat.T. Hatchling teeth, M.Pr. mentonian process, Me.C. Meckelian canal, Suc.T. Successional teeth, Worn worn out teeth. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 5 Mandibles of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). Left mandible in lateral view (a) and medial view (b). Right dentary in medial view (c). Left post-dentary bones in dorsal view (d). Ce.Rd. central ridge, Gl. glenoid articulation, Me.C. Mekelian canal, RAP retroarticular process, San.C.Pr. surangular coronoid process, Sym. symphysis, V.Cr. ventral crest. Scale bars = 10 mm (a, b) and 1 mm (c, d).

Fig. 4 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 4 Palatal region and braincase of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). Palatal region in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Basisphenoid in ventral (c), dorsal (d), anterior (e), and right lateral (f) views. Arc.Fl. Arcuate flanges, Bpt.Pr. basipterygoid process, Ca.Op. openings for internal carotid arteries, Cl. Pr. clinoid process, Cu.Pr. cultriform process, Do.Se. dorsal sella, L.Pr. lateral process, Pal.Asc.Pr. palatine ascending process, Pal.T. palatine teeth, Ptg.T. pterygoid teeth, Q.Pr. quadrate process, Sel.Tu. sella turcica, Tr.Cr. trabeculae cranii, VI passage for cranial nerve VI (abducens canal). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 2 Micro CT-scanned and fully segmented skull and mandibles of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Right ventrolateral view. b Left dorsolateral view. Art articular, Boc basioccipital, Bsp basisphenoid, C coronoid, CbI first ceratobranchial, D dentary, Ect ectopterygoid, Epi epipterygoid, F frontal, J jugal, M maxilla, N nasal, P parietal, Pal palatine, PFr postfrontal, PM premaxilla, Po postorbital, Pra prearticular, PrF prefrontal, Ptg pterygoid, Q-Qj quadrate-quadratojugal, San surangular, Spm septomaxilla, Sq squamosal, (l) left side and (r) right side. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 3 Individual elements of the skull of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Premaxilla in lateral (left) and posterior (right) views. b Left maxilla in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. c Left maxilla in occlusal view. d Nasals in dorsal view. e Left prefrontal in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. f Right septomaxilla in ventral view. g Right postfrontal in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. h Right jugal and associated quadratojugal in lateral view. i Fused left quadrate–qudratojugal complex in posterior view. j Left jugal in lateral view. k Right postorbital in medial view. l Left postorbital and squamosal in lateral view. m Frontals and parietals in dorsal view. n Frontals in ventral view. o Right frontal in lateral view. Relative bone positions in h, l, m are as preserved in the specimen. Ant.Pr. anterior process, Av.Pr. anteroventral process, Acr.T. acrodont teeth, Ant.Pr. anterior process, AnL.Pr. anterolateral process, br. broken edge, D.Pr. dorsal process, Di.Pr. distal process, E.N. external nares, J.Ft. facet for jugal, N.Pr. nasal process, P.Pr. posterior process, Pal.Ft. facet for maxillary process of palatine, PFr.Ft. facet for postfrontal, Pm.Cr. posteromedial crest, Pm.Pr. premaxillary process, Po.Ft. facet for postorbital, Po.Pr. postorbital process, PoL.Pr. posterolateral process, PrF.Ft. facet for prefrontal, Pv.Pr. posteroventral process, Q quadrate, Qj quadratojugal, Qj.Fr. quadratojugal foramen, Sof.Pr. subolfactory process, St.Pr. supratemporal process, T.Ap. tooth apex, V.Pr. ventral process, Vl.Pr. ventrolateral process, Vo.Ft. facet for vomeronasal organ. Scale bars = 1 mm.

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parallel-fibered bone; A5, osteocyte lacunae with well-preserved canaliculi; B3, osteocyte lacunae lacking canaliculi; B4, B5, growth pattern with preserved residuals of the thick annuli and zones (zo I–III) and thin annuli and zones (zo IV–VII); A6, growth pattern with preserved thin annuli and thick zones (zo I–IV), the dotted line marks the border between the perimedullary region and the cortex. Arrows in A5 and B3 indicate osteocyte lacunae; in B4, B5, and A6 indicate the annuli. Growth pattern in B4 figured on the lateral section side, in B5 and A5 on the ventral side; note the cortex thickness variation between B4 and B5. A1, A3, A4, A6, B1, B4, B5 in polarized light and A2, A5, B2, B3 in normal transmitted light. Abbreviations: an, annulus; ec, erosion cavity; pmr, perimedullary region; pos, primary osteon; sos, secondary osteon; zo, zone. in Palaeohistology helps reveal taxonomic variability in exceptionally large temnospondyl humeri from the Upper Triassic of Krasiejów, SW Poland

parallel-fibered bone; A5, osteocyte lacunae with well-preserved canaliculi; B3, osteocyte lacunae lacking canaliculi; B4, B5, growth pattern with preserved residuals of the thick annuli and zones (zo I–III) and thin annuli and zones (zo IV–VII); A6, growth pattern with preserved thin annuli and thick zones (zo I–IV), the dotted line marks the border between the perimedullary region and the cortex. Arrows in A5 and B3 indicate osteocyte lacunae; in B4, B5, and A6 indicate the annuli. Growth pattern in B4 figured on the lateral section side, in B5 and A5 on the ventral side; note the cortex thickness variation between B4 and B5. A1, A3, A4, A6, B1, B4, B5 in polarized light and A2, A5, B2, B3 in normal transmitted light. Abbreviations: an, annulus; ec, erosion cavity; pmr, perimedullary region; pos, primary osteon; sos, secondary osteon; zo, zone.

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Fig. 3 in Exceptional preservation of tracheal rings in a glyptodont mammal from the Late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 3. Cartilages present in the neck of glyptodont mammal Panochthus sp. compared with Recent California sea lion and domestic pig. A. Thyroid, cricoid, and tracheal cartilages in ventral view; generalized mammal (A 1), Panochthus sp. (A 2). B. Explanatory drawing of the Panochthus sp. skull in lateral view, with hyoid apparatus and tracheal rings. C–E. Tracheal rings in anterior view. C. Panochthus sp. (MHM-P 87). D. California sea lion Zalophus californianus Lesson, 1828. E. Domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica Linnaeus, 1758. A, modified from Martínez and Turpín 2015; D, E, modified from Moore et al. 2014. Abbreviations: cc, cricoid cartilage; hy, hyoid apparatus; mr, mandibular rami; sk, skull; tc, thyroid cartilage; tr, tracheal rings.