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81 results for “experimental drought”
Drought experiment on aquatic vertebrate populations in McRae Creek, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, 2022
Three distinct reaches in McRae Creek west tributary (MCTW) within the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon were designated for manipulation and data collection. Manipulations included increasing the temperature (T), reducing streamflow (Q), and a reference (R reach). Population estimates of vertebrates, specifically Coastal Cutthroat Trout and Coastal Giant Salamander, were obtained using three-pass depletion methods in each reach. A Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design was implemented, distinguishing between the "Before" and "After" periods. "Before" surveys were conducted from July 18th to 20th, 2022, while "After" surveys occurred from September 8th to 9th, 2022. During the surveys, each species was identified, noting life stage, and relevant measurements were taken. For trout, these included the length from the snout to the tail fork (Length_Fork_Vent), the snout to the tail (Length_Tail), and weight. In the "Before" survey, all trout were tagged with elastomer tags: red for the T reach, yellow for the Q reach, and orange for the R reach. Trout larger than 80 mm also received PIT tags in their abdominal cavities. Salamanders were measured similarly, not elastomer or PIT tags were applied. During the "After" survey, no new elastomer or PIT tags were inserted; only previously tagged fish were recorded. Additionally, stream cross-sections were surveyed every 5 meters to document stream dimensions. Recorded data included the location, reach, sample date, BACI status, and distance downstream from the upstream cross-section (0 meters). Measurements at each cross-section included wetted width, bankfull width, and depths at five evenly spaced points. Furthermore, pools were identified and measured in each reach, noting the maximum pool depth, depth at the outflow, width, and length. Temperature sensors were installed in each reach, recording stream temperature every 15 minutes. Sensor locations were recorded as the distance downstream from the top of e
Soil Moisture and Temperature following experimental drought in the LEF
We used throughfall exclusion shelters to determine effects of short-term (3 month) drought on trace gas fluxes and nutrient availability in humid tropical forests in Puerto Rico. Exclusion and control plots were replicated within and across three topographic zones (ridge, slope, valley) to account for spatial heterogeneity typical of these ecosystems. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Root-associated fungal communities exposed to experimental drought
Plant-associated fungi can ameliorate abiotic stress in their hosts, and changes in these fungal communities can alter plant productivity, species interactions, community structure and ecosystem processes. We investigated the response of root-associated fungi to experimental drought (66% reduction in growing season precipitation) across six North American grassland ecosystem types to determine how extreme drought alters root-associated fungi, and understand what abiotic factors influence root fungal community composition across grassland ecosystems. Next generation sequencing of the fungal ITS2 region demonstrated that drought primarily re-ordered fungal species’ relative abundances within host plant species, with different fungal responses depending on host identity. Grass species that declined more under drought trended toward less community re-ordering of root fungi than species less sensitive to drought. Host identity and grassland ecosystem type defined the magnitude of drought effects on community composition, diversity, and root colonization, and the most important factor affecting fungal composition was plant species identity.
Extra terrestrials: experimental drought creates niche space for rare invertebrates in terrestrialising stream channels
<p>The code and data for the paper entitled "Extra terrestrials: experimental drought creates niche space for rare invertebrates in terrestrialising stream channels" published in <em>Biology Letters</em>.</p>
Soil seedbank analysis under experimental drought and delayed monsoon treatments in blue grama and black grama grassland at Sevilleta
This study investigated the question, "Does climate change affect vegetation and seed bank composition in desert grasslands?" The work was done in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA, in in the Extreme Drought in Grassland Experiment (EDGE). Vegetation and seed bank species composition were recorded in black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) and blue grama (B. gracilis) grasslands at Sevilleta. At each site, two rainfall manipulations and ambient controls were established in 2013 (n=10). Treatments included extreme drought (-66% rainfall reduction) and delayed monsoon (precipitation captured during July-August and reapplied during September-October). Aboveground species composition was assessed and composite soil samples were collected in 2017, five years after the experiment started. Seed bank composition was evaluated using the seedling emergence method. Rainfall treatments increased aboveground species richness at both sites, and seed bank richness only in the blue grama community. Vegetation cover was reduced by both rainfall manipulations, but seed bank density increased or remained the same compared with controls. In aboveground vegetation, cover of annual and perennial forbs increased, and dominant perennial grasses decreased. In the soil seed bank, species composition was similar among all treatments and was dominated by annual and perennial forbs. The seed bank was more resistant to drought than aboveground vegetation. Because seed banks enhance long-term community stability, their drought resistance plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem processes during and following drought in these grassland communities.
Data from: Rapid, parallel evolution of field mustard (Brassica rapa) under experimental drought
<p>Climate change is driving evolutionary and plastic responses in populations, but predicting these responses remains challenging. Studies that combine experimental evolution with ancestor-descendant comparisons allow assessment of the causes, parallelism, and adaptive nature of evolutionary responses, although such studies remain rare, particularly in a climate change context. Here, we created experimental populations of Brassica rapa derived from the same natural population and exposed these replicated populations to experimental drought or watered conditions for four generations. We then grew ancestors and descendants concurrently, following the resurrection approach. Experimental populations under drought showed rapid evolution of earlier flowering time and increased specific leaf area, consistent with a drought escape strategy and observations in natural populations. Evolutionary shifts followed the direction of selection and increased fitness under drought, indicative of adaptive evolution. Evolution to drought also occurred largely in parallel among replicate populations. Further, traits showed phenotypic plasticity to drought, but the direction and effect size of plasticity varied. Our results demonstrate parallel evolution to experimental drought, suggesting that evolution to strong, consistent selection may be predictable. Broadly, our study demonstrates the utility of combining experimental evolution with the resurrection approach to investigate responses to climate change.</p>
Data from: Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa evolves even earlier flowering under experimental drought
<p><strong>Premise</strong></p> <p>Changes in climate can impose selection on populations and may lead to rapid evolution. One such climatic stress is drought, which plant populations may respond to with escape (rapid growth and early flowering) or avoidance (slow growth and efficient water use). However, it is unclear if drought escape would be a viable strategy for populations that already flower early from prior selection.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>In an experimental evolution study, we subjected rapid-cycling <em>Brassica rapa</em> (RCBr), which was previously selected for early flowering, to four generations of experimental drought or watered conditions. We then grew ancestral and descendant populations concurrently under drought and watered conditions to assess evolution, plasticity, and adaptation.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>RCBr evolved under drought had earlier flowering and lower water-use efficiency than RCBr evolved under watered conditions, indicating evolutionary divergence. The drought descendants also had a trend of earlier flowering compared to ancestors, indicating evolution. Evolution of earlier flowering under drought followed the direction of selection and increased fitness, and was consistent with studies in natural and experimental populations of this species, suggesting adaptive evolution.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>We found evidence for rapid adaptive evolution of drought escape in RCBr and little evidence for constraints on flowering, even though RCBr already flowers extremely early. Our results suggest that some populations may harbor sufficient genetic variation for evolution even after strong selection has occurred. Our study also illustrates the utility of combining artificial selection, experimental evolution, and the resurrection approach to study the evolution of functional traits.</p>
Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
<p>Pollinators are declining globally, with climate change implicated as an important driver. Climate change can induce phenological shifts and reduce floral resources for pollinators, but little is known about its effects on floral attractiveness and how this might cascade to affect pollinators, pollination functions and plant fitness. We used an in situ long-term drought experiment to investigate multiple impacts of reduced precipitation in a natural Mediterranean shrubland, a habitat where climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts. Focusing on three insect-pollinated plant species that provide abundant rewards and support a diversity of pollinators (<em>Cistus</em> <em>albidus</em>, <em>Salvia</em> <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>Thymus</em> <em>vulgaris</em>), we investigated the effects of drought on a suite of floral traits including nectar production and floral scent. We also measured the impact of reduced rainfall on pollinator visits, fruit set and germination in <em>S</em>. <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>C</em>. <em>albidus</em>. Drought altered floral emissions of all three plant species qualitatively, and reduced nectar production in <em>T</em>. <em>vulgaris</em> only. <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> and <em>Bombus</em> gr. <em>terrestris</em> visited more flowers in control plots than drought plots, while small wild bees visited more flowers in drought plots than control plots. Pollinator species richness did not differ significantly between treatments. Fruit set and seed set in <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and <em>C. albidus </em>did not differ significantly between control and drought plots, but seeds from drought plots had slower germination for <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and marginally lower germination success in <em>C. albidus</em>.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Overall, we found limited but consistent impacts of a moderate experimental drought on floral phenotype, plant reproduction and pollinator visits. Increased aridity under climate change is predicted to be stronger than the level assessed in the present study. Drought impacts will likely be stronger and this could profoundly affect the structure and functioning of plant-pollinator networks in Mediterranean ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Rapid, nonparallel genomic evolution of Brassica rapa (field mustard) under experimental drought
<p>While we know that climate change can potentially cause rapid phenotypic evolution, our understanding of the genetic basis and degree of genetic parallelism of rapid evolutionary responses to climate change is limited. In this study, we combined the resurrection approach with an evolve and resequence design to examine genome-wide evolutionary changes following drought. We exposed genetically similar replicate populations of the annual plant <em>Brassica</em> <em>rapa</em> derived from a field population in southern California to four generations of experimental drought or watered conditions in a greenhouse. Genome-wide sequencing of ancestral and descendant population pools identified hundreds of SNPs that showed evidence of rapidly evolving in response to drought. Several of these were in stress response genes, and two were identified in a prior study of drought response in this species. However, almost all genetic changes were unique among experimental populations, indicating that the evolutionary changes were largely non-parallel, despite the fact that genetically similar replicates of the same founder population had experienced controlled and consistent selection regimes. This non-parallelism of evolution at the genetic level is potentially because of polygenetic adaptation allowing for multiple different genetic routes to similar phenotypic outcomes. Our findings help to elucidate the relationship between rapid phenotypic and genomic evolution and shed light on the degree of parallelism and predictability of genomic evolution to environmental change.</p>
Data from: The experimental manipulation of atmospheric drought: Teasing out the role of microclimate in biodiversity experiments
<p class="MsoNormal">Climate change alters mean global surface temperatures, precipitation regimes, and atmospheric moisture. Resultant drought affects the composition and diversity of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. To date, there are no assessments of the combined impacts of reduced precipitation and atmospheric drying on functional trait distributions of any species in an outdoor experiment. Here, we examined whether soil and atmospheric drought affect the functional traits of a focal grass species (<em>Poa secunda)</em> growing in monoculture and 8-species grass communities in outdoor mesocosms. We focused on specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area, stomatal density, root:shoot ratio, and fine root:coarse root ratio responses. Leaf area and overall growth were reduced with soil drying. Root:shoot ratio only increased for <em>P. secunda</em> growing in monoculture under combined atmospheric and soil drought. Plant energy allocation strategy (measured using principal components) differed when <em>P. secunda</em> was grown in combined soil and atmospheric drought conditions compared with soil drought alone. Given a lack of outdoor manipulations of this kind, our results emphasize the importance of atmospheric drying on functional trait responses more broadly. We suggest that drought methods focused purely on soil water inputs may be imprecisely predicting drought effects on other terrestrial organisms as well (other plants, arthropods, and higher trophic levels).</p>
Data from: Rapid, parallel evolution of field mustard (Brassica rapa) under experimental drought
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Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
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Data from: The experimental manipulation of atmospheric drought: Teasing out the role of microclimate in biodiversity experiments
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Data from: Differential responses of community-level functional traits to mid- and late-season experimental drought in a temperate grassland
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Data from: Rapid, nonparallel genomic evolution of Brassica rapa (field mustard) under experimental drought
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Data from: Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa evolves even earlier flowering under experimental drought
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Experimentally evaluating effects of postfire drought on establishment, growth and survival of two widespread western conifer species; lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir
This research seeks to understand how drought following wildfires affects the establishment of two widespread Rocky Mountain tree species, lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. In Yellowstone National Park, warming, drying conditions are leading to increased frequency of severe wildfires that kill existing trees and trigger regeneration of the forest. These trends are expected to continue. Many tree species in Yellowstone are well adapted to fire. Yet, early and abundant seedling establishment after fire is critical for forests to recover. Tree seedlings are particularly sensitive to drought, and evidence suggests that sufficiently dry postfire conditions could cause widespread tree-seedling mortality, with ecological consequences that may last decades. This research will determine how seedlings from two tree species respond to drought conditions expected in the mid-21st century and will identify the physiological mechanisms that drive seedling response to dry conditions. The results of this study will advance understanding of how forests in the western United States will respond to environmental change over coming decades and provide useful information for western land managers who are grappling with increased wildfires.
Experimentally evaluating effects of postfire drought on establishment, growth and survival of two widespread western conifer species; lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir (greenhouse portion of experiment)
This research seeks to understand how drought following wildfires affects the establishment of two widespread Rocky Mountain tree species, lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. In Yellowstone National Park, warming, drying conditions are leading to increased frequency of severe wildfires that kill existing trees and trigger regeneration of the forest. These trends are expected to continue. Many tree species in Yellowstone are well adapted to fire. Yet, early and abundant seedling establishment after fire is critical for forests to recover. Tree seedlings are particularly sensitive to drought, and evidence suggests that sufficiently dry postfire conditions could cause widespread tree-seedling mortality, with ecological consequences that may last decades. This research will determine how seedlings from two tree species respond to drought conditions expected in the mid-21st century and will identify the physiological mechanisms that drive seedling response to dry conditions. The results of this study will advance understanding of how forests in the western United States will respond to environmental change over coming decades and provide useful information for western land managers who are grappling with increased wildfires.
Data from: Canopy cover and soil moisture influence forest understory plant responses to experimental summer drought
<p>Extreme droughts are globally increasing in frequency and severity. Most research on drought in forests focuses on the response of trees, while less is known about the impacts of drought on forest understory species and how these effects are moderated by the local environment.</p> <p>We assessed the impacts of a 45-day experimental summer drought on the performance of six boreal forest understory plants, using a transplant experiment with rainout shelters replicated across 25 sites. We recorded growth, vitality and reproduction immediately, two months, and one year after the simulated drought, and examined how differences in ambient soil moisture and canopy cover among sites influenced the effects of drought on the performance of each species.</p> <p>Drought negatively affected the growth and/or vitality of all species, but the effects were stronger and more persistent in the bryophytes than in the vascular plants. The two species associated with older forests, the moss <em>Hylocomiastrum umbratum</em> and the orchid <em>Goodyera repens</em>, suffered larger effects than the more generalist species included in the experiment. The drought reduced reproductive output in the moss <em>Hylocomium splendens </em>in the next growing season, but increased reproduction in the graminoid <em>Luzula pilosa</em>. Higher ambient soil moisture reduced some negative effects of drought on vascular plants. Both denser canopy cover and higher soil moisture alleviated drought effects on bryophytes, likely through alleviating cellular damage.</p> <p>Our experiment shows that boreal understory species can be adversely affected by drought and that effects might be stronger for bryophytes and species associated with older forests. Our results indicate that the effects of drought can vary over small spatial scales and that forest landscapes can be actively managed to alleviate drought effects on boreal forest biodiversity. For example, by managing the tree canopy and protecting hydrological networks.</p>
DATA FOR: Carbon starvation following a decade of experimental drought consumes old reserves in Pinus edulis
<ol> <li>Pre-dawn water potential data used in Fig. 2.</li> <li>Gas exchange data (Anet) used in Fig. 2, along with transpiration data used in supplemental Fig. S8.</li> <li>Fv/fm data used in Fig. 2.</li> <li>Needle growth, shoot growth, and browning data used in Fig. 2.</li> <li>Bole respiration rate data used in Fig. 3.</li> <li>NSC concentration data used in Fig. 5.</li> <li>Respired carbon mass used to calculate total NSC pool ages in Fig. 6b, along with radiocarbon calendar dated ages of sapwood NSC.</li> <li>Raw ring widths from all cross dated trees used to generate BAI for analysis presented in Fig. 4.</li> </ol>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.