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64 results for “extirpation”
Indirect upstream effects of dams: consequences of migratory consumer extirpation in Puerto Rico
<p>Large dams degrade the integrity of a wide variety of ecosystems, yet direct downstream effects of dams have received the most attention from ecosystem managers and researchers. We investigated indirect upstream effects of dams resulting from decimation of migratory freshwater shrimp and fish populations in Puerto Rico, USA, in both high- and low-gradient streams. In high-gradient streams above large dams, native shrimps and fishes were extremely rare, whereas similar sites without large dams had high abundances of native consumers. Losses of native fauna above dams dramatically altered their basal food resources and assemblages of invertebrate competitors and prey. Compared to pools in high-gradient streams with no large dams, pool epilithon above dams had 9 times more algal biomass, 20 times more fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), 65 times more fine benthic inorganic matter (FBIM), 28 times more carbon (C), 19 times more nitrogen (N), and 4 times more non-decapod invertebrate biomass. High-gradient riffles upstream from large dams had 5 times more FBIM than did undammed riffles but showed no difference in algal abundance, FBOM, or non-decapod invertebrate biomass. For epilithon of low-gradient streams, differences in basal resources between pools above large dams vs. without large dams were considerably smaller in magnitude than those observed for pools in high-gradient sites. These results match previous stream experiments in which the strength of native shrimp and fish effects increased with stream gradient. Our results demonstrate that dams can indirectly affect upstream free-flowing reaches by eliminating strong top-down effects of consumers. Migratory omnivorous shrimps and fishes occur throughout the tropics, and the consequences of their declines upstream from many tropical dams are likely to be similar to those in Puerto Rico. Thus, ecological effects of migratory fauna loss upstream from dams encompass a wider variety of species interactions and
Fig. 2 in Butterfly extirpations, discoveries and rediscoveries in Singapore over 28 years
Fig. 2. Distribution of newly discovered and rediscovered species, and potentially extirpated species of butterflies in Singapore between 1990 and 2017. Species were classified according to the habitat types in which they were recorded. See Table 3 and Table 4 for the detailed list.
Fig. 1 in Butterfly extirpations, discoveries and rediscoveries in Singapore over 28 years
Fig. 1. Vegetation cover change and the number of butterfly species in Singapore from 1819–2017. The percentages of vegetation cover change from 1819–1990 were extracted with permission from Corlett (1992) and extended till 2017 using Yee et al. (2011) and NParks (2017). Agricultural land included tree crops such as rubber; managed vegetation included parks, gardens, and turf. The vegetation cover area under each habitat type was calculated by the area between any of the two vegetation cover lines marked in grey. Species were defined as extirpated in 1956 if they were not recorded for 30 years (shown in grey rectangle) by Corbet & Pendlebury (1956). Forty-nine and 144 butterfly species were not recorded since 1926 and 1990 respectively as shown by the blue line. Nine species could be additionally ('potentially') extirpated since 1990 (as indicated by the blue shaded area). An increase in the number of extirpated & extant species was due to new species discoveries (new country records) and rediscoveries since 1956. Fleming (1975, 1991) added new country records till 1975, but they did not report any extirpations. Therefore, the number of extant species in 1975 was unknown (as indicated by the green dotted line).
Data from: Avoiding impacts of phylogenetic tip-state-errors on dispersal and extirpation rates in alpine plant biogeography
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Disease-driven mass mortality event leads to widespread extirpation and variable recovery potential of a marine predator across the eastern Pacific
<p>The prevalence of disease-driven mass mortality events is increasing, but our understanding of spatial variation in their magnitude, timing, and triggers are often poorly resolved. Here, we use a novel range-wide dataset comprised of 48,810 surveys to quantify how Sea Star Wasting Disease affected <i>Pycnopodia</i> <i>helianthoides</i>, the sunflower sea star, across its range from Baja California, Mexico to the Aleutian Islands, USA. We found that the outbreak occurred more rapidly, killed a greater percentage of the population, and left fewer survivors in the southern half of the species' range. <i>Pycnopodia</i> now appears to be functionally extinct (> 99.2% declines) from Baja California, Mexico to Cape Flattery, Washington, USA and exhibited severe declines (> 87.8%) from the Salish Sea to the Gulf of Alaska. The importance of temperature in predicting <i>Pycnopodia</i> distribution rose 450% after the outbreak, suggesting these latitudinal gradients may stem from an interaction between disease severity and warmer waters. We found no evidence of population recovery in the years since the outbreak. Natural recovery in the southern half of the range is unlikely over the short-term and assisted recovery will likely be required for recovery in the southern half of the range on ecologically-relevant time scales.</p>
Extirpated prairie species demonstrate more variable phenological responses to warming than extant congeners
<p><i>Premise of the study. </i>Shifting phenology in response to climate is one mechanism that can promote population persistence and geographic spread; therefore, species with limited ability to phenologically track changing environmental conditions may be more susceptible to population declines. Alternatively, apparently, nonresponding species may demonstrate divergent responses to multiple environmental conditions experienced across seasons.</p> <p><i>Methods. </i>Capitalizing on herbarium records from across the Midwestern United States and detailed botanical surveys documenting local extinctions over the past century, we investigate whether extirpated and extant taxa differ in their phenological responses to temperature and precipitation experienced during winter and spring (during flowering and the growing season prior to flowering) or in their magnitude of flowering time shift over the past century.</p> <p><i>Key results. </i>Although warmer temperatures across seasons advanced flowering, extirpated and extant species differed in the magnitude of their phenological responses to winter and spring warming. Extirpated species demonstrated inconsistent phenological responses to warmer spring temperatures. Meanwhile, extant species consistently advanced flowering in response to warmer spring temperatures. In contrast, extirpated species advanced flowering more than extant species in response to warmer winter temperatures. Greater spring precipitation tended to delay flowering for both extirpated and extant taxa. Finally, both extirpated and extant taxa delayed flowering over time.</p> <p><i>Conclusions. </i>This study highlights the importance of understanding phenological responses to seasonal warming and indicates that extirpated species may demonstrate more variable phenological responses to temperature than extant congeners, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that appropriate phenological responses may reduce species' likelihood of extinction.</p>
Small giants: Tributaries rescue spatially structured populations from extirpation in a highly fragmented stream
<p>Habitat fragmentation is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Linearly arranged habitats such as stream networks are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation. As the landscape becomes increasingly human-dominated, conservation values of fragmented habitat patches cannot be overlooked. It is critical to understand the demographic mechanisms of population persistence or extirpation in fragmented patches.</p> <p>We studied the dynamics of spatially structured populations of two Japanese landlocked salmonids persisting for > 30 years in a headwater stream network that is highly fragmented due to low-head dams in the mainstem. We parameterised and analysed spatial matrix population models using 9-year mark-recapture data.</p> <p>Tributaries supported higher survival rates in some life stages, and movement was asymmetrical from the tributaries to the mainstem. Accordingly, population growth rates were higher in the tributary patches than the mainstem in both species despite the tributaries occupying only 12 or 18% of the study stream network by surface area. The tributaries harboured more physically and hydraulically complex instream habitats (i.e., higher wood density and flow refugia), indicating that habitat patch quality was more important than habitat patch size in determining the dynamics of these spatially structured populations.</p> <p>Tributary locations in the stream network were important in the trajectory of these populations. The upstream-dwelling charr persisted in the highly fragmented mainstem patch (i.e., six impassable infrastructures in a < 500 m patch) due to immigration of fish from upstream including the tributary. However, the downstream-dwelling salmon have been gradually extirpated from the uppermost section of the fragmented mainstem patch because they could not maintain a positive population growth rate after the loss of emigrants was accounted for and immigration was prevented due to fragmentation.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: We conclude that small tributaries have rescued the spatially structured populations from extirpation (charr) or at least slowed down extirpation (salmon). Legal protection of headwaters as aquatic habitats is weak globally. Our results suggest that stream management plans underestimating the demographic value of small tributaries will likely fail to conserve populations of headwater inhabitants and therefore endanger aquatic biodiversity. We discuss conservation implications of this study related to habitat connectivity and fisheries management.</p>
Supplementary materials: Return of the pika: American pikas re-occupy long-extirpated, warm locations
<p>To accompany: Return of the pika: American pikas re-occupy long-extirpated, warm locations by Constance I. Millar and Andrew T. Smith, Nature Notes.</p> <p>American pika re-colonization sites identified in this study </p> <p>Bodie State Historic Park – Noonday Mine 38.004 N; -119.1005 W; 2,615 m Site also clearly identified in maps in Smith (1974a), Smith & Gilpin (1997), Smith & Nagy (2015).</p> <p>North Mono Craters Site 37.9116 N; -118.9985 W; 2,145-2,250 m</p>
Extirpated species in Berlin, dates of last detections, habitats, and number of Berlin's inhabitants
<p>Species loss is highly scale-dependent, following the species-area relationship. We analysed spatio-temporal patterns of species' extirpation on a multitaxonomic level using Berlin, the capital city of Germany. Berlin is one of the largest cities in Europe and has experienced a strong urbanisation trend since the late 19th century. We expected species' extirpation to be exceptionally high due to the long history of urbanisation. Analysing regional Red Lists of Threatened Plants, Animals, and Fungi of Berlin (covering 9498 species), we found that 16 % of species were extirpated, a rate 5.9 times higher than at the German scale, and 47.1 times higher than at the European scale. Species' extirpation in Berlin is comparable to that of another German city with a similarly broad taxonomic coverage, but much higher than in regional areas with less human impact. The documentation of species' extirpation started in the 18th century and is well documented for the 19th and 20th centuries. We found an average annual extirpation of 3.6 species in the 19th century, 9.6 species in the 20th century, and the same number of extirpated species as in the 19th century were documented in the 21th century, despite the much shorter time period. Our results showed that species' extirpation is higher at small than on large spatial scales, and might be negatively influenced by urbanisation, with different effects on different taxonomic groups and habitats. Over time, we found that species' extirpation is highest during periods of high human alterations and is negatively affected by the number of people living in the city. But, there is still a lack of data to decouple the size of the area and the human impact of urbanisation. However, cities might be suitable systems for studying species' extirpation processes due to their small scale and human impact.</p>
Reassessing a Holocene extinction: multiple lines of evidence do not support the historical presence and recent extirpation of a protected anole on the island of Anguilla
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Overfishing and the ecological impacts of extirpating large parrotfish from Caribbean coral reefs
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Disease-driven mass mortality event leads to widespread extirpation and variable recovery potential of a marine predator across the eastern Pacific
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Small giants: Tributaries rescue spatially structured populations from extirpation in a highly fragmented stream
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Data from: Cascading impacts of large-carnivore extirpation in an African ecosystem
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The origin, connectivity, and individual specialization of island wolves after deer extirpation
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Extirpated species in Berlin, dates of last detections, habitats, and number of Berlin’s inhabitants
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Supplementary materials: Return of the pika: American pikas re-occupy long-extirpated, warm locations
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Extirpated prairie species demonstrate more variable phenological responses to warming than extant congeners
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Subspecies and Distribution. E. s. semicaudata Peale, 1848 - Samoa (Savai'i and Upolu Is), American Samoa (Ta'u Is), Fiji (Rotuma, Kuata in Yusawa Group, Taveuni, Ovalau, and Lakeba Is), and Tonga (Niuafo'ou and 'Eua Is, and likely occurs on other islands in the group). Not recorded in Tutuila (American Samoa) since 1976 despite dedicated searches for cave roosts and use of echolocation detectors and also likely extinct on Vitu Levu (Fiji) where the last specimens were collected in 1979. E. s. palauensis Yamashima, 1932 - Palau Is (including Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, and Angaur). E. s. rotensis Yamashima, 1943 - Northern Mariana Is and Guam I, last surviving population is currently restricted to tiny Aguigan I; it appears to be extirpated on Anatahan, Tonowas, Rota, Saipan, and Tinian Is, and on Guam I. E. s. sulcataG. S. Miller, 1911 — Caroline Is (Chuuk and Pohnpei Is). in Emballonuridae
Subspecies and Distribution. E. s. semicaudata Peale, 1848 - Samoa (Savai'i and Upolu Is), American Samoa (Ta'u Is), Fiji (Rotuma, Kuata in Yusawa Group, Taveuni, Ovalau, and Lakeba Is), and Tonga (Niuafo'ou and 'Eua Is, and likely occurs on other islands in the group). Not recorded in Tutuila (American Samoa) since 1976 despite dedicated searches for cave roosts and use of echolocation detectors and also likely extinct on Vitu Levu (Fiji) where the last specimens were collected in 1979. E. s. palauensis Yamashima, 1932 - Palau Is (including Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, and Angaur). E. s. rotensis Yamashima, 1943 - Northern Mariana Is and Guam I, last surviving population is currently restricted to tiny Aguigan I; it appears to be extirpated on Anatahan, Tonowas, Rota, Saipan, and Tinian Is, and on Guam I. E. s. sulcataG. S. Miller, 1911 — Caroline Is (Chuuk and Pohnpei Is).
Data from: Climate interacts with anthropogenic drivers to determine extirpation dynamics
Theoretical studies suggest that the dynamics of a species' range during a period of climate change depends upon the existence and interplay of various ecological and evolutionary processes. Here we tested how anthropogenic pressures contribute to climate-mediated extirpation patterns of 32 freshwater fish species over the last 20 yr. We contrasted two extreme cases to determine whether extirpations were governed by patterns of climate exposure, assuming full adaptation of species to local climate, or instead by the interplay between climate exposure and the distance from the centroid of species' climatic niches, assuming a fixed niche, and asked whether anthropogenic disturbances interact with these climatic drivers. We found strong support for the fixed niche hypothesis, but showed that species-specific local adaptation to climate may also be important in determining extirpation dynamics. We also demonstrated that anthropogenic disturbance acted in concert with climate, ultimately determining population changes. Our results add novel evidence that unravelling the direct links between range dynamics and climate requires a multifaceted treatment, and that accounting for the cumulative effects of anthropogenic pressures deserves special attention in the context of climate change.
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