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93 results for “eye evolution”
Figure 7. Pigmented eyes. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective
Figure 7. Pigmented eyes. A. Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae). Two pairs of adult eyes (ey) situated on the prostomium. B. Microphthalmus similis (Errantia, incertae sedis). Arrowheads point to small prostomial eyes. C. Nicolea zostericola (Terebellidae). Numerous small pigmented eyes below tentacular crown (arrowheads). D. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). Section showing pigmented eye with lens (le); arrowhead points to zone with rhabdomeres, arrow: marks layer of cell bodies of photoreceptor cells below pigment cell layer (psc). E. Piscicola geometra (Clitellata). Pigmented eye with phaosomous photoreceptor cells (prc), arrowhead points to phaosomes. F. Saccocirrus papillocercus (Saccocirridae). Small pigmented eye, structurally indistinguishable from larval eye; arrow indicates inverse orientation of photoreceptive structures, eye cup communicates with exterior via small pore (arrowhead). G. Gyptis propinqua (Hesionidae). Multicellular-pigmented eye with lens, arrows indicate converse orientation of photoreceptive processes. - br = branchia, cu = cuticle, ep = epidermis, ey = eye, la = lateral antenna, le = lens, pa = palp, prc = photoreceptor cell, psc = pigmented supportive cell, smv = sensory microvilli, tc = tentacular cirri, te = tentacle. A-C: micrographs from living animals; D, E: histological sections, Azan staining; F, G: TEM micrographs.
Eye morphology contributes to the ecology and evolution of the avian tree of life
<p>The avian eye is the single most important external anatomical trait for interpreting light environments by birds and varies widely in size and shape across the avian tree of life. The attached dataset provides measurements on eye size taken from preserved museum specimens for roughly one third of the avian tree of life (N = 3,475 species). The original dataset was collected by Stanley Ritland and Alice Hutchinson and archived as appendices in Stanley Ritland's Dissertation from the University of Chicago (1982): "The Allometry of the Vertebrate Eye".</p>
Supplementary material for "Cretaceous lacewing larvae with binocular vision demonstrate the convergent evolution of sophisticated simple eyes" by Haug C. et al.
<p>Supplementary matereial including R-Code and data for elliptic Fourier analysis for the publication: "<span>Cretaceous lacewing larvae with binocular vision demonstrate the convergent evolution of sophisticated simple eyes" </span></p> <p><span>Carolin Haug, Roland R. Melzer, Florian Braig, Simon J. Linhart, Derek E. G. Briggs, Alejandro Caballero, Yanzhe Fu, Gideon T. Haug, Marie K. Hörnig, Joachim T. Haug</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>Abstract: </span></p> <p><span>Many insects and their relatives are renowned for sophisticated compound eyes, which are also preserved in the fossil record. Yet there are also other types of eyes, notably the so-called stemmata of holometabolans, such as beetles, bees, and butterflies. Stemmata are not as effective as compound eyes, except in some predatory larvae. Here we report three lacewing larvae with large forward-directed stemmata from Cretaceous Kachin amber, Myanmar. The stemmata are large relative to those of other fossil lacewing larvae, comparable to the simple eyes of modern larvae capable of image formation. The head is very wide in one larva, representing a new type of morphology as demonstrated by a quantitative comparison of the head and stylets of over 400 fossil and extant lacewing larvae. The arrangement of the exceptionally large stemmata of the larvae reported here provides stereoscopic vision. These new specimens demonstrate the convergent evolution of highly developed simple eyes in at least two additional lineages of lacewings, showcasing the enormous diversity of lacewing larvae in the Cretaceous.</span></p>
Figs 90–92 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 90–92. Panjange bukidnon Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13023). 90. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 91–92. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 2–15. Live specimens. 2–4 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 2–15. Live specimens. 2–4. Pa. lanthana, Mt. Isarog, Ƌ, ♀ with eggsac, and penultimate Ƌ. 5. Pa. malagos Huber sp. nov., Ƌ. 6–7. Pa. casaroro Huber sp. nov., ƋƋ. 8–10. Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. 8. ♀ with parasitized eggsac, from Camiguin Island. 9. Ƌ from Bohol Island. 10. Ƌ from Camiguin Island. 11–13. Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov., Ƌ, ♀ with eggsac, and penultimate Ƌ. 14–15. Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov., ƋƋ showing color variation.
Figs 84–89 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 84–89. Panjange marilog Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13019). 84. Male prosoma, frontal view (asterisk marks stronger hairs below ocular area). 85. Spines on male clypeus. 86. Left male palp, prolateral view. 87. Right eye stalk, triad, and hooked process, oblique frontal view. 88. Male gonopore. 89. Male palpal tarsal organ. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; p = procursus; te = tarsal elongation; sp = spines on clypeus; vp = ventral process. Scale bars: 84 = 300 µm; 85 = 40 µm; 86 = 200 µm; 87 = 80 µm; 88 = 30 µm; 89 = 20 µm.
Figs 69–73 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 69–73. Panjange isarog Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13013, 13014). 69–70. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 71. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 72–73. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus; ps = proximal bulbal sclerite; te = tarsal elongation; tp = toothed process of proximal bulbal sclerite; tr = trochanter. Scale bars: 69–71 = 0.5 mm; 72–73 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 35–37 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 35–37. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 35. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 36–37. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 59–63 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 59–63. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 59. Female spinnerets. 60. Male gonopore. 61. Epigynum and scape, ventral view. 62. Female ALS. 63. Female PMS. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PLS = posterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 59 = 60 µm; 60 = 30 µm; 61 = 100 µm; 62–63 = 10 µm.
Figs 20–23 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 20–23. Panjange malagos Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 12999). 20–21. Right male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 22–23. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 1 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Fig. 1. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious cladograms of Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983 resulting from analyses of the matrix in Appendix 1 using equal character weights, successive weighting, and implicit enumeration. Only unambiguous character changes are shown. A = clade with asymmetric male palps; * = positions of Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. in preliminary cladistic analyses. See Cladistic analysis section for further details.
Figs 31–34 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 31–34. Panjange casaroro Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13001). 31. Female spinnerets. 32. Female ALS. 33–34. Epigynum and scape. 33. Lateral (slightly posterior) view. 34. Ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS, anterior lateral spinneret; PLS = posterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 31 = 60 µm; 32 = 10 µm; 33–34 = 100 µm.
Figs 79–83 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 79–83. Panjange marilog Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13019) 79–80. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 81. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 82–83. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus; pto = palpal tarsal organ; te = tarsal elongation; tp = toothed process of proximal bulbal sclerite; tr = trochanter; vp = ventral process. Scale bars: 79–81 = 0.5 mm; 82–83 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 50–58 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 50–58. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 50– 51. Left and right male palps, retrolateral views. 52. Left procursus and appendix, prolateral view. 53– 54. Left and right male palpal trochanters and femora proximally, retrolateral views. 55. Tip of embolus. 56–57. Left and right procursus tips, retrolateral views. 58. Comb-hairs on female tarsus 4. Abbreviations: a = appendix; f = femur; p = procursus; sdo = sperm duct opening; te = tarsal elongation; tr = trochanter. Scale bars: 50–51 = 300 µm; 52 = 200 µm; 53–54 = 100 µm; 55 = 30 µm; 56–57 = 80 µm; 58 = 20 µm.
Figs 17–19 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 17–19. Panjange malagos Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 12999). 17. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 18–19. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus; ps = proximal bulbal sclerite; pto = palpal tarsal organ; te = tarsal elongation. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 74–78 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 74–78. Panjange dinagat Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13016). 74–75. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 76. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 77–78. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus; tr = trochanter. Scale bars: 74–76 = 0.5 mm; 77–78 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 26–30 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 26–30. Panjange casaroro Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13001). 26–27. Right male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 28. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 29–30. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 64–65 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 64–65. Panjange hamiguitan Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13009), left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus; pto = palpal tarsal organ; te = tarsal elongation; vp = ventral process. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figs 66–68 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 66–68. Panjange hamiguitan Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13009, 13012). 66. Male prosoma and chelicerae, frontal view. 67. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view (proximal part of scape partly extended). 68. Detail of Fig. 67. Scale bars: 66–67 = 0.5 mm; 68 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 45–49 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 45–49. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov., SEM micrographs (ZFMK, Ar 13003, 13004). 45– 46. Male and female prosomata, frontal views (arrows point at tiny AME remnants). 47. Male chelicerae. 48–49. Male eye triads and ocular processes, oblique frontal and frontal views. Scale bars: 45–46, 49 = 200 µm; 47–48 = 100 µm.
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