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8 results for “fast-starts”
F I G U R E 3 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
F I G U R E 3 Relationships between fast-start performance, body size (standard length), acclimation temperature, and test temperature in adult mummichogs. Graphs are arranged by performance variable in rows and by test temperature (24, 30, and 36 C) in columns. Colors indicate acclimation temperatures (blue is 24 C, purple is 30 C, and red is 36 C). Lines are the fitted performance–size relationships based on parameter estimates from best-fit mixed-effects models or model-averaged parameter estimates from supported models (see Table 1 and Table S3.). Effects of size on performance are apparent as nonzero slopes within individual graphs; effects of test temperature are evident as variation in average intercepts across test temperature graphs (i.e., comparing average intercepts for acclimation temperature–specific lines across columns within each row of graphs); effects of acclimation temperature are seen as differences in intercepts between acclimation temperature–specific lines within graphs; and interactions between size and temperature are apparent as variations in average slopes (i.e., averaged over acclimation-specific slopes) across test temperature graphs and as differences in acclimation temperature–specific slopes within graphs.
F I G U R E 1 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
F I G U R E 1 Morphological scaling in mummichog ranging from YOY to larger adults. Morphological variables are body dimensions (top row) and median fin areas (bottom row), and standard length is a measure of the overall body size. All data were log transformed. Sample sizes for fin areas were reduced because individuals with damaged fins were not measured. Estimates for scaling coefficients (i.e., the slope of the scaling relationship, b1) ± 1 S.E. are given for each morphological variable. Isometric expectations for scaling coefficients are 1.0 for body dimensions and 2.0 for fin areas; only the caudal fin area deviates significantly from isometry.
F I G U R E 2 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
F I G U R E 2 Representative kinematics for fast-starts in small (41 mm SL) and large (66 mm SL) adult mummichogs controlling for temperature. The top panel shows frames from high-speed videos at 10 ms intervals. To facilitate interpretation, original videos have been cropped to the same spatial dimensions and rotated to standardize starting orientation and escape direction (but note that digitization used unmodified videos). The graph in the bottom panel shows the angular displacement of the head (triangles) and the linear displacement of the fish center of mass (circles) for the trials depicted in the video frames, which were maximum performance trials for the small (filled shapes) and large (open shapes) fish tested at their acclimation temperature (24 C). The curve for head rotation was truncated at its maximum value to highlight the difference in time to form the initial C-bend. The curve for linear displacement continued until the end of stage 2 of the fast-start. Whereas small fish had higher rotation rates and executed the fast-start in less time, small and large fish moved their bodies over similar distances given equal amounts of time.
Data from: Superfetation reduces the negative effects of pregnancy on the fast-start escape performance in live-bearing fish
<p>Superfetation, the ability to simultaneously carry multiple litters of different developmental stages <i>in utero</i>, is a reproductive strategy that evolved repeatedly in viviparous animal lineages. The evolution of superfetation is hypothesized to reduce the reproductive burden and, consequently, improve the locomotor performance of the female during pregnancy. Here, we apply new computer-vision based techniques to study changes in body shape and three-dimensional fast-start escape performance during pregnancy in three livebearing fishes (family Poeciliidae) that exhibit different levels of superfetation. We found that superfetation correlates with a reduced abdominal distension and a more slender female body shape just before parturition. We further found that body slenderness positively correlates with maximal speeds, curvature amplitude and curvature rate, implying that superfetation improves the fast-start escape performance. Collectively, our study suggests that superfetation may have evolved in performance-demanding (e.g. high flow or high predation) environments to reduce the locomotor cost of pregnancy.</p>
Data from: Superfetation reduces the negative effects of pregnancy on the fast-start escape performance in live-bearing fish
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Data from: Reorientation and propulsion in fast-starting zebrafish larvae: an inverse dynamics analysis
Most fish species use fast starts to escape from predators. Zebrafish larvae perform effective fast starts immediately after hatching. They use a C-start, where the body curls into a C-shape, and then unfolds to accelerate. These escape responses need to fulfil a number of functional demands, under the constraints of the fluid environment and the larva's body shape. Primarily, the larvae need to generate sufficient escape speed in a wide range of possible directions, in a short-enough time. In this study, we examined how the larvae meet these demands. We filmed fast starts of zebrafish larvae with a unique five-camera setup with high spatiotemporal resolution. From these videos, we reconstructed the three-dimensional swimming motion with an automated method and from these data calculated resultant hydrodynamic forces and, for the first time, 3D torques. We show that zebrafish larvae reorient mostly in the first stage of the start by producing a strong yaw torque, often without using the pectoral fins. This reorientation is expressed as the body angle, a measure that represents the rotation of the complete body, rather than the commonly used head angle. The fish accelerates its centre of mass mostly in stage 2 by generating a considerable force peak while the fish "unfolds". The escape direction of the fish correlates strongly with the amount of body curvature in stage 1, while the escape speed correlates strongly with the duration of the start. This may allow the fish to independently control the direction and speed of the escape.
Data from: Reorientation and propulsion in fast-starting zebrafish larvae: an inverse dynamics analysis
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Data from: Three-dimensional analysis of the fast-start escape response of the least killifish, Heterandria formosa
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