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Fig. 14 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 14. Radiolarians from the early Miocene to Pleistocene of the eastern equatorial Pacific. A. Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costata (Riedel, 1959). MPC−3324; 845A−26XCC, R19/4; Zone RN5. B. Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta Moore, 1971. MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, Q40/3; Zone RN4. C. Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, V46/3; Zone RN4. D. Calocycletta (Calocycletta) cladara Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992. MPC−3299; 845A−11HCC, K47/4; Zone RN7. E. Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Moore, 1972. MPC−4852; 1241A−30H−07, 62–64 cm, R51/4; Zone RN7. F. Liriospyris reticulata (Ehrenberg, 1872). MPC−3337; 1241A−3H−04, 75–77 cm, Q49/3; Zone RN14. G. Dendrospyris bursa Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973. MPC−3325; 845A−27XCC, N27/0; Zone RN4. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 13 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 13. Radiolarians from the early Miocene to Pleistocene of the eastern equatorial Pacific. A. Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) leptetrum (Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970). MPC−3322; 845A−24XCC, R43/3; Zone RN5. B. Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) neatum (Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970). MPC−4847; 1241A−29H−03, 62–64 cm, O14/0; Zone RN7. C. Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) tanythorax (Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970). MPC−4854; 1241A−31H−03, 62–64 cm, L40/0; Zone RN7. D. Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) brachythorax (Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970). MPC−4870; 1241A−36X−03, 62–64 cm, S32/3; Zone RN6. E. Nephrospyris renilla Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3337; 1241A−3H−04, 75–77 cm, T37/0; Zone RN14. F. Dorcadospyris alata (Riedel, 1959). MPC−3322; 845A−24XCC, R45/0; Zone RN5. G. Dorcadospyris dentata Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3328; 845A−30XCC, G39/0; Zone RN4. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 12 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 12. Radiolarians from the early Miocene to Pleistocene of the eastern equatorial Pacific. A. Lychnodictyum audax Riedel, 1953. MPC−3388; 1241A−21H−04, 62–64 cm, W15/1; Zone RN9. B. Pterocanium prismatium Riedel, 1957. MPC−3280; 845A−4HCC, R47/0; Zone RN13. C. Dictyophimus crisiae Ehrenberg, 1854. MPC−3333; 1241A−2H−05, 75–77 cm, U31/4; Zone RN15. D. Valkyria pukapuka O'Connor, 1997. MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, O20/0; Zone RN4. E. Liriospyris parkerae Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971. MPC−3324; 845A−26XCC, R39/0; Zone RN5. F. Dictyophimus splendens (Campbell and Clark, 1944). MPC−4835; 1241A−23H−03, 62–64 cm, K40/2; Zone RN9. G. Pterocanium korotnevi (Dogiel, 1952). MPC−3386; 1241A−20H−05, 62–64 cm, G24/0; Zone RN9. H. Acrocubus octopylus Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, R39/4; Zone RN4. I. Tholospyris anthopora (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3328; 845A−30XCC, P53/3; Zone RN4. J. Lithomelissa sp. B. MPC−3318; 845A−20HCC, P23/3; Zone RN5. K. Cycladophora davisiana Ehrenberg, 1861. MPC−3333; 1241A−2H−05, 75–77 cm, P28/2; Zone RN15. L. Tholospyris kantiana (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3324; 845A−26XCC, X28/4; Zone RN5. M. Pterocanium sp. TX. MPC−3319; 845A−21HCC, X47/0; Zone RN5. N. Pterocanium praetextum praetextum (Ehrenberg, 1872). MPC−3357; 1241A−9H−05, 62–64 cm, E51/0; Zone RN11. O. Pterocanium praetextum eucolpum Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3338; 1241A−3H−05, 75–77 cm, R22/2; Zone RN14. P. Giraffospyris toxaria (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, R27/2; Zone RN4. Q. Acrobotrys tritubus Riedel, 1957. MPC−3299; 845A−11HCC, H48/2; Zone RN7. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 11 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 11. Radiolarians from the early Miocene to Pleistocene of the eastern equatorial Pacific. A. Anthocyrtidium jenghisi Streeter, 1988. MPC−3358; 1241A−10H−03, 62–64 cm, H56/0; Zone RN11. B. Anthocyrtidium ophirense (Ehrenberg, 1872). MPC−3333; 1241A−2H−05, 75–77 cm, M52/4; Zone RN15. C. Anthocyrtidium angulare Nigrini, 1971. MPC−3345; 1241A−4H−06, 75–77 cm, J45/0; Zone RN13. D. Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi (Stöhr, 1880). MPC−3372; 1241A−15H−03, 62–65 cm, G21/0; Zone RN9. E. Lamprocyrtis nigriniae (Caulet, 1971). MPC−3333; 1241A−2H−05, 75–77 cm, Q17/2; Zone RN15. F. Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos Kling, 1973. MPC−3345; 1241A−4H−06, 75–77 cm, G26/0; Zone RN13. G. Lamprocyrtis heteroporos (Hays, 1965). MPC−3349; 1241A−6H−04, 77–79 cm, W35/3; Zone RN12. H. Anthocyrtidium zanguebaricum (Ehrenberg, 1872). MPC−3361; 1241A−11H−04, 62–64 cm, O20/2; Zone RN10. I. Anthocyrtidium pliocenica (Seguenza, 1880). MPC−3371; 1241A−14H−05, 62–64 cm, A14/3; Zone RN9. J. Lamprocyclas maritalis polypora Nigrini, 1967. MPC−3333; 1241A−2H−05, 75–77 cm, G53/2; Zone RN15. K. Theocorythium trachelium trachelium (Ehrenberg, 1872). MPC−3332; L Ą 1241A−2H−03, 75–77 cm, L19/0; Zone RN16.. Theocorythium trachelium dianae (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3338; 1241A−3H−05, 75–77 cm, P26/0; Zone RN14.

Fig. 8 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 8. Radiolarians from the early Miocene to Pleistocene of the eastern equatorial Pacific. A. Spongaster berminghami (Campbell and Clark, 1944). MPC−4845; 1241A−28H−03, 62–64 cm, T51/2; Zone RN7. B. Spongaster pentas Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970. MPC−3363; 1241A−12H−03, 62–64 cm, W33/0; Zone RN9. C. Spongaster tetras tetras Ehrenberg, 1860. MPC−3332; 1241A−2H−03, 75–77 cm, Q52/3; Zone RN16. D. Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3357; 1241A−9H−05, 62–64 cm, E51/0; Zone RN11. E. Larcospira moschkovskii Kruglikova, 1978. MPC−4847; 1241A−29H−03, 62–64 cm, G47/0; Zone RN7. F. Dictyocoryne ontongensis Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971. MPC−3303; 845A−13HCC, X31/2; Zone RN6. G. Amphirhopalum ypsilon Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3332; 1241A−2H−03, 75–77 cm, T45/0; Zone RN16. H. Spongodiscus klingi Caulet, 1986. MPC−3336; 1241A−3H−03, 77–79 cm, X26/1; Zone RN14. I. Collosphaera brattstroemi Bjørklund and Goll, 1979. MPC−3317; 845A−20HCC, K51/1; Zone RN5. J. Trisolenia megalactis megalactis Ehrenberg, 1872. MPC−3317; 845A−20HCC, Q53/0; Zone RN5. K. Trisolenia megalactis costlowi Bjørklund and Goll, 1979. MPC−3324; 845A−26XCC, G37/4; Zone RN5. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 9 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 9. Radiolarians from the early Miocene to Pleistocene of the eastern equatorial Pacific. A. Didymocyrtis prismatica (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3328; 845A−30XCC, J23/2; Zone RN4. B. Didymocyrtis tubaria (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3328; 845A−30XCC, P23/0; Zone RN4. C. Didymocyrtis violina (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3330; 845A−31X−03, 0–2 cm, K36/0; Zone RN4. D. Didymocyrtis mammifera (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3320; 845A−22HCC, S46/3; Zone RN5. E. Didymocyrtis laticonus (Riedel, 1959). MPC−4855; 1241A−31H−05, 62–64 cm, R49/2; Zone RN6. F. Didymocyrtis antepenultima (Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970). MPC−4849; 1241A−30H−01, 62–64 cm, J26/3; Zone RN7. G. Didymocyrtis penultima (Riedel, 1957). MPC−3373; 1241A−15H−05, 62–64 cm, U31/0; Zone RN9. H. Didymocyrtis bassanii (Carnevale, 1908). MPC−3322; 845A−24XCC, S48/4; Zone RN5. I. Diartus hughesi (Campbell and Clark, 1944). MPC−4847; 1241A−29H−03, 62–64 cm, T25/1; Zone RN7. J. Diartus petterssoni (Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970). MPC−4863; 1241A−34H−01, 62–64 cm, R32/4; Zone RN6. K. Didymocyrtis avita (Riedel, 1953). MPC−3373; 1241A−15H−05, 62–64 cm, V51/0; Zone RN9. L. Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus (Haeckel, 1887). MPC−3332; 1241A−2H−03, 75–76 cm, X43/0; Zone RN16. M. Periphaena decora Ehrenberg, 1873. MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, S37/0; Zone RN4. N. Collosphaera tuberosa Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3331; 1241A−2H−02, 75–76 cm, K23/0; Zone RN16. O. Stylatractus universus Hays, 1970. MPC−3331; 1241A−2H−05, 75–77 cm, U32/0; Zone RN15. P. Axoprunum stauraxonium Haeckel, 1887. MPC−3331; 1241A−2H−02, 75–77 cm, W25/0; Zone RN16. Q. Amphisphaera? sp. D. MPC−3326; 845A−28XCC, K18/4; Zone RN4. R. Lithelius klingi Kamikuri, 2009. MPC−3324; 845A−26XCC, W34/0; Zone RN5. S. Solenosphaera omnitubus procera Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974. MPC−3383; 1241A−19H−05, 62–64 cm, U51/3; Zone RN9. T. Solenosphaera omnitubus omnitubus Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971. MPC−4834; 1241A−22H−05, 62–64 cm, F36/0; Zone RN9. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 3. Age−depth plot of Sites 845 and 1241. Geomagnetic polarity time scale is after Ogg and Smith (2004). The symbols "N1" to "N24", "F1" and "F2" for the control correspond to those in Tables 1 and 2.

Fig. 7 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 7. Comparison of the appearance and extinction rates of radiolarians in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last 17 Ma with a generalized benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope curve and tectonic events. The isotope curve is after Mix et al. (1995) for the interval between 0 and 2.5 Ma and after Kennett (1986) for the interval between 2.5 and 17 Ma. The isotope curve has been updated to the ATNTS 2004 (Ogg and Smith, 2004) through paleomagnetic correlation provided by Barton and Bloemendal (1986). The isotope events are after Miller et al. (1991) and Barron and Baldauf (1990).

Fig. 2 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241

Fig. 2. Modern surface water circulation and location of ODP Sites 845 and 1241 used to determine stratigraphic ranges of radiolarian species in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. NEC, North Equatorial Current; ECC, Equatorial Countercurrent; SEC, South Equatorial Current.

FIGURE 21 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 21. Detail of the right astragalus of Wiehenvenator albati: Base of the ascending process and fibular facet in anteroproximal view, showing large foramen anterior to the ascending process. Abbreviations as in Figure 20, and: f, foramen.

FIGURE 17 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 17. Dorsal ribs and gastralia of Wiehenvenator albati. 1, thoracic rib. 2, abdominal rib. 3-5, fused posterior medial gastralia in dorsal (3), ventral (4; stereophotographs), and anterior (5) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 8 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 8. Stereophotographs of the promaxillary foramen in the right maxilla of Wiehenvenator albati in posterodorsal view. Abbreviations as in Figure 6. Scale bar equals 50 mm.

FIGURE 14 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 14. Anterior mid-caudal vertebra of Wiehenvenator albati in lateral (1; stereophotographs), dorsal (2), anterior (3), and ventral (4) views. Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pcd, pleurocentral depression; poz, postzygapophysis, prz, prezygapophysis; r, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 11 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 11. Anterior (jugal) process of the right quadratojugal(?) of Wiehenvenator albati in lateral (1), medial (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views. Abbreviations: djp, facet for the dorsal posterior prong of the jugal; vjp, facet for the ventral posterior prong of the jugal. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 30 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 30. Possible biases that influence interpretations of the Jurassic theropod fossil record. Geographic distribution of Middle (1) and Late Jurassic (2) localities with identifiable theropod remains, and environments represented by Middle (3) and Late Jurassic (4) theropod localities.

FIGURE 25 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 25. Time-calibrated cladogram of early tetanuran relationships, showing the earliest records of the distinct clades, and the rapid evolution of tetanurans in the early Middle Jurassic.

FIGURE 23 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 23. Overview of transverse thin section of the left fibula of Wiehenvenator albati. Most of the primary tissue is secondarily remodelled, but growth marks are still preserved anteriorly and posteriorly (white arrows). Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior. Scale bar equals 5 mm. Inset: Slightly clockwise rotated and magnified image of the posterior outer bone cortex (see frame in overview image). Growth marks are marked by black arrows. Scale bar equals 400 µm.

FIGURE 27 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 27. Representation of different clades of Middle (1) and Late Jurassic (2) nominal theropod taxa. Figures 3 and 4 show the same for large theropod taxa (body weight> 200 kg) only.

FIGURE 10 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 10. Right postorbital of Wiehenvenator albati in lateral (1), anterior (2), medial (3), posterior (4), and dorsal (5) views (all stereophotographs). Abbreviations: d, depression, ff, frontal facet; jf, jugal facet; lf, laterosphenoid facet; of, orbital facet; sob, supraorbital brow; stf, supratemporal fossa. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 28 in A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic

FIGURE 28. Composition of Middle and Late Jurassic theropod faunas, as percentage of localities in which certain clades have been recorded.