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Fig. 4 in Daily and seasonal activity patterns of a felid assemblage in a forest-grassland mosaic in southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Overlap of daily activities between the pairs of the four felid species found in the Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area in Urupema, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The area colored in gray indicates the overlapping of daily activity in each species pair. The parallel lines in each graph indicate the mean time of sunrise (yellow) and sunset (blue) in the study region. Below each graph is the coefficient of overlap for each pair of species, and the confidence interval.

Fig. 3 in Daily and seasonal activity patterns of a felid assemblage in a forest-grassland mosaic in southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Circular histograms with distribution and frequency of the seasonal activity of Leopardus guttulus, L. pardalis, L. wiedii and Puma concolor in Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The arrows on each graph indicate the direction of the mean angle (µ). Each graph also exhibits the values of P and mean vector length (r).

Fig. 2 in Daily and seasonal activity patterns of a felid assemblage in a forest-grassland mosaic in southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Circular histograms with distribution and frequency of daily activity of Leopardus guttulus, L. pardalis, L. wiedii and Puma concolor in Papagaiosde-Altitude Private Protected Area, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The black arrows on each graph indicate the direction of the mean angle (µ). Each graph also exhibits the values of P and mean vector length (r).

Fig. 1 in Daily and seasonal activity patterns of a felid assemblage in a forest-grassland mosaic in southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Study area: Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area in Urupema, Santa Catarina, Brazil. On the top-right panel, colors indicate the type of soil-use in the area and its limits. The black dots in the map indicate the location of the camera traps.

Figure 4 in First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico

Figure 4. Potential common prey-size range for Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, including the herbivores that have been reported at the El Barrio locality (HGO-47). Diamond and line indicate the mean and observed range of body mass (from Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016).

Figure 1 in First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico

Figure 1. (a) Index map showing the study area in southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico; the capital of the state (Pachuca) and the late Pleistocene locality El Barrio (HGO-47) are depicted. (b) Stratigraphic section of the El Barrio locality (HGO-47); the arrow indicates the fossil-bearing level.

Figure 3 in First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico

Figure 3. Left fifth metacarpal (UAHMP-4222) of Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. (a) Ventral, (b) dorsal, (c) medial, (d) lateral, (e) proximal, and (f) distal views. Scale bar equals 2 cm.

Figure 5 in First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico

Figure 5. Geographic distribution of Panthera atrox in North America during the late Pleistocene (main source: KurtØn and Anderson, 1980). The gray silhouette indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico.

Figure 7 in First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico

Figure 7. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of felids. The map is regionalized in the morphotectonic provinces of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Abbreviations of the morphotectonic provinces as in Table 3. Squares indicate the early Pleistocene localities and circles the late Pleistocene localities. The felid record includes the following species: A: Panthera atrox; B: Panthera onca; C: Puma concolor; D: Puma yagouaroundi; E: Lynx rufus; F: Leopardus pardalis; G: Leopardus wiedii; H: Smilodon fatalis; I: Smilodon cf. S. gracilis; J: Felis rexroadensis; K: Miracinonyx inexpectatus.

Figure 6 in First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico

Figure 6. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of Panthera atrox, considering (a) a hypsometric base and (b) the Mexican biogeographic corridors (sensu Ceballos et al., 2010). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands.

FIGURE 11. A–B in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 11. A–B: Pearson correlations between the 14 variables and the two PCO axes based on P. leo, P. spelaea, and P. fossilis (thus excluding P. atrox, corresponding to Figure 10B).

FIGURE 10. A in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 10. A: Principal coordinate analyses based on 14 log-transformed morphometric variables. The first axis is parallel with an overall increase in cranial length. Across its whole range, P. spelaea differs from P. fossilis, and P. fossilis is clearly distinct from P. leo. However, P. spelaea from the Western Europe alone does not differ from P. fossilis. B: Principal coordinate analyses based on 14 log-transformed morphometric variables, excluding P. atrox. This analysis shows that P. spelaea from the Western Europe and the Eastern Europe–Asia do not fully overlap in morphospace. The first PCO axis in both analyses correlates strongly positively with all variables and thus reflects the size axis. Specimen numbers: P. atrox (North America): 1–Ichetucknee, 2–Natural Trap Cave, 3–9–Rancho la Brea; P. fossilis: 10–Mauer (Germany), 11–Azé I-3 (France); P. intermedia: 12–Romain-la-Roche (France), 13–Vence (France), 14–Edingen (Germany), 15–Niedźwiedzia Cave (Poland), 16–San (Poland); P. spelaea: 17–Bottrop (Germany), 18– Huttenheim (Germany), 19–Perickhöhlen (Germany), 20–Siegsdorf (Germany), 21–Zoolithenhöhle (holotype; Germany), 22–24–Zoolithenhöhle (Germany), 25–Zandobbio (Italy), 26–Brno (Czech R.), 27–Sloup (Vienna specimen; Czech R.), 28–Sloup (OK 130570, Czech R.), 29–Srbsko–Chlum Komín Cave (Czech R.), 30–Výpustek 1 (Czech R.), 31–Výpustek 3 (Czech R.), 32–Igrita (Croatia), 33–Ursilor (Romania), 34–Binagady (Caucasus, Georgia), 35–Desna (Russia), 36–37–Isa River (South Ural, Russia), 38–Kondakovka (Russia), 39–Mokhokho (Russia), 40–Uzhur (Central Siberia), 41–42–Medvedia Cave (Slovakia); P. leo (Africa and India): 43–50.

FIGURE 8 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 8. Bivariate relationships between the cranial length and nine morphological variables. The lines represent slopes of the relationship between the log-transformed cranial length and nine variables fitted by reduced major axis regression separately for P. fossilis, P. spelaea, and P. leo. Axes are logged.

FIGURE 9 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 9. The summary of mean allometric coefficients (slopes of the relationship between the log-transformed cranial length and nine variables fitted by reduced major axis regression) with 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals. They show more positive allometry for mastoid width, canine width, medial nasale length, and lateral nasal length in P. fossilis relative to other three species (although 95% confidence intervals are broad). The postorbital width shows negative allometry in P. leo whereas it shows positive allometry in P. spelaea and P. fossilis. The missing values in P. atrox did not allow to measure its allometric coefficients for lateral nasal length.

FIGURE 6 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 6. Different types of lion heads in Paleolithic art, maybe indicating the cranial profile type 2 (A), probably the cranial profile type 1 (B), and the cranial profile type 0 (C-F). A: a lion head sculpture from Kostenki near Voronezh, Russia (ca. 23 ka BP, redrawn from Efimenko 1958); B: a lion head sculpture from Vogelherd, Germany (ca. 38-33 ka BP, redrawn from Koenigswald and Schmitt 1987); C: a lion head sculpture from Dolní Věstonice, Moravia–Czech Republic (ca. 27-29 ka BP, redrawn from Jelínek 1972); D: a cave lion depicted in La Marche, France (Magdalenian); E: cave lion pair depicted in Chauvet, France (˂ 26 ka BP); F: cave lions depicted in Chauvet, France (˂ 26 ka BP, redrawn from Clottes 2001). © J. Gullár, 2009-2014 (A–C, F) and the archive of M. Sabol (D and E). Author of illustrations A–C and F is J. Gullár (please, cite it as: J. Gullár in Sabol et al., 2022); D and E are from the archive of M. Sabol.

FIGURE 5 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 5. Boxplots showing differences in cranial length and in the POC/IOB ratio. The horizontal dashed lines approximately span the minima and maxima in P. leo from Mazák (2010).

FIGURE 4 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 4. The types of lion crania distinguished based on cranial profile with the assumed life reconstruction. A: cranium with the straight nasofrontal profile (0)–cranium of Panthera spelaea from the Medvedia jaskyňa Cave in the Západné Tatry Mts. in Slovakia (Last Glacial), B: cranium with the intermediate profile between type 0 and type 2 (1)– cranium of Panthera spelaea from the Zoolithenhöhle Cave in Germany (Last Glacial), C: cranium with the concave nasofrontal profile (2)–cranium of Panthera fossilis from Azé in France (Holsteinian). © J. Gullár, 2011-2021. The crania are not scaled. Author of illustrations is J. Gullár (please, cite it as: J. Gullár in Sabol et al., 2022).

FIGURE 1 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 1. Chronology of lion lineages based on the data from the fossil record and molecular and paleogenetic researches, referred in the "State of art" section. The grey color in the Panthera spelaea lineage suggests questionable evolutionary position of these lion forms. American lions probably represent a separate lineage. The Quaternary chronostratigraphy system is created with the TimeScale Creator software, v. 8.0 (2021).

FIGURE 2. The 12 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 2. The 12 linear cranial characters measured on lion crania. 1: greatest cranial length (L, measured as the distance between the prosthion and the acrocranion), 2: palatal length (LP, measured parasagittally as the distance between the prosthion and the staphylion), 3: medial length of nasals (LMN, measured parasagittally as the distance between the naso-frontal suture and the dorsal margin of the external narial opening), 4: lateral length of nasals (LLN, measured as the distance between the naso-frontal suture and the anteriormost tip of the nasal), 5: greatest nasal width (BN, measured at rostral projection of nasals), 6: the snout width (BS, measured at the level of upper canines), 7: interorbital width (IOB, distance between orbits), 8: maximum cranial width across zygomatic arches (BZ), 9: width across postorbital constriction (POC), 10: greatest neurocranial width (BNC, greatest distance between lateral margins of braincase: euryon–euryon), 11: mastoid width (BM, measured across mastoid processes), and 12: greatest diameter of the auditory bullae (LAB). Cranium drawing modified according to Argant (1991).

FIGURE 3 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Profile depths (blue) and angular variables (red) measured on lion crania. Angle A: the cranial profile angle (nasale–frontale angularity), angle B: the angle between narial aperture and nasofrontal profile (premaxillary– nasofrontale angularity), and angle C: the angle between alveolar margin and postorbital process (maxillary–frontale angularity). Cranium drawing modified according to Argant (1991).