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39 results for “female aggression”
F I G U R E 2 in Female-female aggression in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the influence of fruit quality on combat intensity
F I G U R E 2 Mean (±SE) time (in seconds) taken for a female Bactrocera tryoni to perform the first antagonistic behavioural event against a conspecific female when on one of three host fruit types. N = 15 female pairs per fruit type. Columns surmounted by different letters are significantly different at p = 0.05.
F I G U R E 1 in Female-female aggression in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the influence of fruit quality on combat intensity
F I G U R E 1 Ethogram of antagonistic behaviours of female Bactrocera tryoni competing for a single host fruit. The size of the behavioural boxes and number within represent the frequency in which the individual behaviours occurred that led to a transitional flow to another behaviour. The number associated with the arrow represents the proportion of transition frequencies made by the females to other behaviours from a given behaviour and will sum to 1. For example, from a total number of observed behavioural events recorded for crabbing, a proportion of 0.381 of all transitions led to further crabbing (after the first crabbing had finished), 0.237 led to supination, 0.130 led to pushing, 0.091 led to tiptoe, 0.083 led to probing, 0.033 led to butting, 0.032 led to retreat and 0.014 led to chasing. The ethogram is based on 45 replicate recordings, each 1 h long of two sexually mature females competing for access to a single fruit resource for oviposition. The ethogram thus represents the combined behaviours of 90 individuals.
F I G U R E 4 in Female-female aggression in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the influence of fruit quality on combat intensity
F I G U R E 4 Mean (±1 SE) number of occurrences of aggressive behaviours exhibited by Bactrocera tryoni females on three fruit types: cherry tomato, apple and mango. N = 15 replicate female–female pairs per fruit type. Columns surmounted by different letters are significantly different at p = 0.05.
F I G U R E 3 in Female-female aggression in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the influence of fruit quality on combat intensity
F I G U R E 3 Mean (±1 SE) number of antagonistic events carried out by Bactrocera tryoni females against conspecific females when on one of three host fruit types. N = 15 female pairs per fruit type. Columns surmounted by different letters are significantly different at p = 0.05.
Data from: The scope and adaptive value of modulating aggression across breeding stages: Case study in a competitive female songbird
<p><span><span>In seasonally breeding animals, costs and benefits of territorial aggression should vary over time; however, little work thus far has directly examined the scope and adaptive value of individual-level plasticity in aggression across breeding stages. We explore these issues using </span><span>the tree swallow (</span></span><em><span><span>Tachycineta bicolor</span></span></em><span><span>), a bird species in which females compete for limited nesting sites</span> <span>before producing a single brood. We measured the aggressiveness of nearly 100 females within three different stages: (1) shortly after territory-establishment, (2) during early incubation, and (3) while caring for young chicks. </span></span><span><span>We used k-means clustering to categorize females into four distinct plasticity 'types' based on the timing, direction, and magnitude of their changes in aggression between stages. We then tested whether plasticity type and stage-specific aggression </span><span>vary</span><span> with </span><span>key</span><span> performance metrics.</span></span><span><span> Two of the four</span> <span>plasticity</span><span> types became less aggressive </span><span>across consecutive breeding stages</span><span>, consistent with population-level patterns, though these plasticity types </span><span>largely </span><span>did not differ from one another in survival or reproductive success</span></span><span><span>. A third type was characterized by high levels of among-stage plasticity</span><span>; </span><span>these females</span><span>, </span><span>had </span><span>significantly </span><span>lower body mass while parenting, </span><span>tended to hatch fewer eggs,</span> <span>and </span><span>had the lowest observed </span><span>overwinter survival </span><span>rates</span><span>. </span><span>A final type exhibited </span><span>limited</span><span> plasticity, with moderate to low levels of aggression </span><span>in all stages; </span><span>this low plasticity </span><span>-</span><span> low aggression phenotype</span><span> was not associated </span><span>with any </span><span>negative</span> <span>effects to </span><span>performance</span><span>.</span> <span>These</span><span> results reveal substantial among-individual variation in behavioral plasticity, which may reflect diverse solutions to trade-offs between current reproduction and future survival.</span></span></p>
Data from: The scope and adaptive value of modulating aggression across breeding stages: Case study in a competitive female songbird
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Is variation in female aggressiveness across Drosophila species associated with reproductive potential?
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Data from: Female ornamentation is associated with elevated aggression and testosterone in a tropical songbird
In males, testosterone plays a key role in ornament production and linking ornamentation with reproductive behaviors and other traits to produce an integrated phenotype. Less is known about whether females couple testosterone, ornamentation, and aggressive behaviors to achieve female-specific combinations of traits. Ornamentation in females may be the result of correlated expression with male ornamentation, or female traits could arise as the result of sex specific selection pressures. Resolving between these alternatives is necessary to understand the degree to which selection acts on female traits. The White-shouldered Fairywren (Malurus alboscapulatus) provides a useful context to address these questions because populations vary in degree of female ornamentation, a derived trait, whereas male ornamentation is constant across both populations. We found that ornamented females have higher levels of circulating testosterone and respond more aggressively to experimental territorial intrusions than do unornamented females. These findings are consistent with the idea that, among female White-shouldered Fairywrens, testosterone may mechanistically link plumage and behavioral traits to produce an integrated competitive phenotype, as has been reported for males of closely related species. In contrast, circulating testosterone in males did not differ significantly between populations. More broadly, our findings are consistent with ongoing selection on the mechanisms underlying female ornaments, likely via social selection.
Cross-context behavioral correlations and signals of aggression in females of a livebearing fish
<p>Behaviors may be adaptively correlated with each other and with other aspects of phenotype. We investigated behavior across foraging, mating, and risk contexts in females of the poeciliid fish, <em>Girardinus metallicus</em>. We quantified relationships between these behaviors and aggression signals, body size, and reproductive output. Behaviors describing aggression and boldness, some of which were repeatable, were correlated in females. Aggression was signaled by the darkening of a black spot on the extended dorsal fin or by fin flaring. Spot darkening occurred during intra- and intersexual interactions and was positively correlated with inter-female aggression and negatively correlated with time females spent following males, suggesting that it honestly indicates motivational state. In contrast, fin flaring was only directed at females and occurred more frequently in the foraging context. Larger females had fewer offspring and received fewer courtship displays, possibly because they were more aggressive to males. In contrast to studies of males, we found a negative relationship between rank order of boldness and aggression, consistent with either a tradeoff or with selection favoring the negative relationship. Our results highlight the importance of studying females in model systems to uncover novel patterns and potentially meaningful departures from what is typically seen in males.</p>
Female-female aggression in the Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum)
<p>Historically, the role of aggression in the social lives of animals overwhelmingly focused on males. In recent years, however, female-female aggression in vertebrates, particularly lizards, has received increasing attention. This growing body of literature shows both similarities and differences to aggressive behaviours between males. Here, we document female-female aggression in captive Gila monsters (<em>Heloderma suspectum</em>). Based on four unique dyadic trials (eight adult female subjects), we developed a qualitative ethogram. Unexpected and most intriguing were the prevalence and intensity of aggressive acts that included brief and sustained biting, envenomation, and lateral rotation (i.e., rolling of body while holding onto opponent with closed jaws). Given specific behavioural acts (i.e., biting) and the results of bite-force experiments, we postulate that osteoderms (bony deposits in the skin) offer some degree of protection and reduce the likelihood of serious injury during female-female fights. Male-male contests in <em>H. suspectum</em>, in contrast, are more ritualized, and biting is rarely reported. Female-female aggression in other lizards has a role in territoriality, courtship tactics, and nest and offspring guarding. Future behavioural research on aggression in female Gila monsters is warranted to test these and other hypotheses in the laboratory and field.</p>
The role of high-contrast male facial stripes in mitigating female aggression in the jumping spider, Plexippus paykulli
<p>Vibrant male coloration and energetic courtship displays set jumping spiders apart from most arachnids, which typically rely on non-visual stimuli. Like many other spiders, female salticids engage in sexual cannibalism, making courtship a risky but necessary endeavor for males. In this study, we investigated the relationship between male coloration and female aggression to better understand the interplay of attraction and aversion during courtship.</p> <p>Many male jumping spiders sport conspicuous coloration or high-contrast patterns that are reminiscent of the coloration of many aposematic insects. The faces of <em>Plexippus paykulli</em> males are adorned with bold vertical stripes they direct toward females during courtship. We hypothesized that these stripes could function as a sensory trap, leveraging female aversion to the signal to reduce the likelihood of cannibalism.</p> <p>We tested whether spiders exhibit an aversion to stripes in the context of predation by manipulating prey coloration and testing spider preference for prey based on the presence or absence of stripes. Then we conducted two courtship experiments by manipulating male facial coloration to determine whether the presence of male stripes affects female aggression and likelihood of mating. We also manipulated female foraging drive in each courtship experiment (either diet or mating status) to see whether common sources of natural variation among females influenced response to courting males. We found that spiders showed an aversion to stripes while foraging but that this aversion does not confer reduced aggression from females toward striped males vs. males with stripes obscured. However, stripes did affect the likelihood of male reproductive success, as striped males mounted females more frequently than non-striped males. Finally, female condition influenced female response to courting males, with hungrier females showing higher aggression and previously mated females being mounted less frequently than non-mated females.</p>
The role of high-contrast male facial stripes in mitigating female aggression in the jumping spider, Plexippus paykulli
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Female-female aggression in the Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum)
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Cross-context behavioral correlations and signals of aggression in females of a livebearing fish
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Data from: Female ornamentation is associated with elevated aggression and testosterone in a tropical songbird
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The effects of female group-changing behavior on female-female aggression, female rank, and female hierarchy stability
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Data from: When rivals are absent: Male aggression towards females in bluefin killifish
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Data from: Vocal performance in birdsong is an aggressive signal in both females and males: Experimental evidence from a field study in European robins
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Seasonal patterns of melatonin alter aggressive phenotypes of female Siberian hamsters
<p>Many animal species exhibit year-round aggression, a behaviour that allows individuals to compete for limited resources in their environment (e.g., food and mates).<br> Interestingly, this high degree of territoriality persists during the non-breeding season, despite low levels of circulating gonadal steroids (i.e., testosterone [T] and oestradiol<br> [E<sub>2</sub>]). Our previous work suggests that the pineal hormone melatonin mediates a 'seasonal switch' from gonadal to adrenal regulation of aggression in Siberian hamsters<br> (<em>Phodopus sungorus</em>); solitary, seasonally breeding mammals that display increased aggression during the short, 'winter-like' days (SDs) of the non-breeding season. To test<br> the hypothesis that melatonin elevates non-breeding aggression by increasing circulating and neural steroid metabolism, we housed female hamsters in long days (LDs)<br> or SDs, administered them timed or mis-timed melatonin injections (mimic or do not mimic a SD-like signal, respectively), and measured aggression, circulating hormone<br> profiles, and aromatase (ARO) immunoreactivity in brain regions associated with aggressive or reproductive behaviours (paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus [PVN],<br> periaqueductal gray [PAG], and ventral tegmental area [VTA]). Females that were responsive to SD photoperiods (SD-R) and LD females given timed melatonin injections<br> (Mel-T) exhibited gonadal regression and reduced circulating E<sub>2</sub>, but increased aggression and circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Furthermore, aggressive challenges differentially altered circulating hormone profiles across seasonal phenotypes; reproductively inactive females (ie, SD-R and Mel-T females) reduced circulating<br> DHEA and T, but increased E<sub>2</sub> after an aggressive interaction, whereas reproductively active females (i.e., LD females, SD non-responder females, and LD females given mis-timed melatonin injections) solely increased circulating E<sub>2</sub>. Although no differences in neural ARO abundance were observed, LD and SD-R females showed distinct associations between ARO cell density and aggressive behaviour in the PVN, PAG, and VTA. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin increases non-breeding<br> aggression by elevating circulating steroid metabolism after an aggressive encounter and by regulating behaviourally relevant neural circuits in a region-specific manner.</p>
Data from: Older males are not only attractive to but also aggressive toward females in Gnatocerus cornutus
<p>In theory, a male should change the allocation of fighting and mating efforts in relation to his age. Thus, the consequences of sexual selection may be complicated by changes in the male resource allocation due to aging. However, previous studies have focused on changes in female mate choice and male-male competition with aging separately, and the impact of aging on the relationship between mate choice and male competition is unknown. Here, we examined how male competitiveness and attractiveness and their relationship changes over male lifespan in <em>Gnatocerus cornutus</em>. In this species, males perform courtship displays and fight rival males for mates. Older males are more competitive in male fighting and aggressive toward females than younger males. The aggression is also directed toward females. Almost all older males who attacked a female failed to copulate, while younger males never attacked the females. As a result, copulation success decreased with age. When an older male did not mistake a female for a male, he exhibited more frequent courtship. However, mating with older males imposed direct costs on females in terms of both fecundity and lifespan, with no offsetting indirect benefits for her offspring. The courtship behavior of older males does not supply females with cues for mate-choice benefits but are used to coerce females into mating. Our results suggest that male–male competition constrains female preference for older males. Thus, female choice and male–male competition may not be reinforcing in older <em>G. cornutus</em> males.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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