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Figure 3. Female wing. 30 October, 2008 in First records of the grasshopper Machaerocera mexicana Saussure, 1859 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from the United States and Sonora, Mexico Robert A. Behrstock 10359 S Thicket Place Hereford, AZ 85615 rbehrstock@cox.net
Figure 3. Female wing. 30 October, 2008. Cienega Creek Natural Preserve, Pima County, Arizona. Photo by Robert A. Behrstock/Naturewide Images.
Reproductive state alters vocal characteristics of female North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
<p>Female advertisement of reproductive state and receptivity has the potential to play a large role in the mating systems of many taxa, but investigations of this phenomenon are underrepresented in the literature. North American red squirrels (<em>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</em>) are highly territorial and engage in scramble competition mating, with males converging from spatially disparate territories to engage in mating chases. Given the narrow estrus window exhibited in this species, the ubiquitous use of vocalizations to advertise territory ownership, and the high synchronicity of males arriving from distant territories, we hypothesized that female vocalizations contain cues relating to their estrous state. To test this hypothesis, we examined the spectral and temporal properties of female territorial rattle vocalizations collected from females of known reproductive condition over 3 years. While we found no distinct changes associated with estrus specifically, we did identify significant changes in the spectral characteristics of rattles relating to both female body mass and reproductive state relative to parturition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of changes in vocal characteristics associated with late pregnancy in a non-human mammal.</p>
Figures 27–32. Female Leptoconops. 27 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 27–32. Female Leptoconops. 27) L. knowltoni flagellomeres 9–11, median black seta (s). Spermathecae (sp), diverticulum (d), neck (spn). 28) L. foulki. 29) L. americanus. 30) L. sublettei flagellomeres 3–6, flagellomere 4 seta bases (sb), hyaline sensory seta (hss). Palpal segment 3. 31) L. sublettei. 32) L. foulki.
Рис. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — имаго, виΑ сверху (1, 2 — самцы; 3, 4 — самки); 5–10 — гусеницы сеΑьмого возраста (5, 6 — форма с черными и рыжими воΛосками; 7, 8 — форма с рыжими воΛосками; 9, 10 — форма с черными воΛосками); 11 — кокон; 12–14 — кукоΛка; 15 — неΑавно отроΑившийся самец. 5, 7, 9, 13 — виΑ сбоку; 6, 8, 10, 14 — виΑ сверху; 12 — виΑ снизу. Δанные сбора имаго: 1 — Буреинский заповеΑник, 4 км В корΑона «Новый МеΑвежий», 1400 м наΑ ур. м., 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «Новый МеΑвежий», ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — там же, 4.07.2018 Fig. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — imago, dorsal view (1, 2 — males; 3, 4 — females); 5–10 — seventh instar larvae (5, 6 — with black and red hairs; 7, 8 — with red hairs; 9, 10 — with black hairs only); 11 — cocoon; 12–14 — pupа; 15 — newly emerged male. 5, 7, 9, 13 — lateral view; 6, 8, 10, 14 — dorsal view; 12 — ventral view. Data labels for imago insects: 1 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, 4 km E Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 1400 m above sea level, 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, Novyi Medvezhii cordon, ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — same location, 4.07.2018 in Moths (Lepidoptera, Macroheterocera, Excluding Geometridae And Noctuidae S.L.) Of The Bureinsky State Nature Reserve And Adjacent Territories (Khabarovsk Krai, Russia)
Рис. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — имаго, виΑ сверху (1, 2 — самцы; 3, 4 — самки); 5–10 — гусеницы сеΑьмого возраста (5, 6 — форма с черными и рыжими воΛосками; 7, 8 — форма с рыжими воΛосками; 9, 10 — форма с черными воΛосками); 11 — кокон; 12–14 — кукоΛка; 15 — неΑавно отроΑившийся самец. 5, 7, 9, 13 — виΑ сбоку; 6, 8, 10, 14 — виΑ сверху; 12 — виΑ снизу. Δанные сбора имаго: 1 — Буреинский заповеΑник, 4 км В корΑона «Новый МеΑвежий», 1400 м наΑ ур. м., 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «Новый МеΑвежий», ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — там же, 4.07.2018 Fig. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — imago, dorsal view (1, 2 — males; 3, 4 — females); 5–10 — seventh instar larvae (5, 6 — with black and red hairs; 7, 8 — with red hairs; 9, 10 — with black hairs only); 11 — cocoon; 12–14 — pupа; 15 — newly emerged male. 5, 7, 9, 13 — lateral view; 6, 8, 10, 14 — dorsal view; 12 — ventral view. Data labels for imago insects: 1 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, 4 km E Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 1400 m above sea level, 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, Novyi Medvezhii cordon, ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — same location, 4.07.2018
Рис. 2. Psychidae: 1 — Sterrhopterix fusca, самец, Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «КП», 26.06.2020 (1a — генитаΛии); Arctiidae: 2 — Atolmis rubricollis, самец, Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «Новый МеΑвежий», 6.07.2016; 3 — Dodia albertae, самец, там же, 2.07.2016; 4 — D. albertae, самка, там же, 2.07.2016; 5 — D. diaphana, самка, там же, 2.07.2016; 6 — D. diaphana, самец, там же, 3.07.2016; 7 — Borearctia menetriesii, самка, там же, 1.07.2018; 8 — Arctia caja sajana, самец, там же, 26.07.2018; 9 — A. c. sajana, самка, там же, 8.07.2020; 10 — A. flavia, самец, там же, 28.07.2017; 11 — A. flavia, самец, Нанайский р-н, автоΑорога «ΑиΑога — Ванино», ручей СтуΑеный, 8–12.07.2014 Fig. 2. Psychidae: 1 — Sterrhopterix fusca, Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, cordon "KP", 26.06.2020 (1a — genitalia); Arctiidae: 2 — Atolmis rubricollis, male, Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 6.07.2016; 3 — Dodia albertae, male, same location, 2.07.2016; 4 — D. albertae, female, same location, 2.07.2016; 5 — D. diaphana, female, same location, 2.07.2016; 6 — D. diaphana, male, same location, 3.07.2016; 7 — Borearctia menetriesii, female, same location, 1.07.2018; 8 — Arctia caja sajana, male, same location, 26.07.2018; 9 — A. c. sajana, female, same location, 8.07.2020; 10 — A. flavia, male, same location, 28.07.2017; 11 — A. flavia, male, Nanaisky District, "Lidoga–Vanino" motorway, Studenyi creek, 8–12.07.2014 in Moths (Lepidoptera, Macroheterocera, Excluding Geometridae And Noctuidae S.L.) Of The Bureinsky State Nature Reserve And Adjacent Territories (Khabarovsk Krai, Russia)
Рис. 2. Psychidae: 1 — Sterrhopterix fusca, самец, Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «КП», 26.06.2020 (1a — генитаΛии); Arctiidae: 2 — Atolmis rubricollis, самец, Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «Новый МеΑвежий», 6.07.2016; 3 — Dodia albertae, самец, там же, 2.07.2016; 4 — D. albertae, самка, там же, 2.07.2016; 5 — D. diaphana, самка, там же, 2.07.2016; 6 — D. diaphana, самец, там же, 3.07.2016; 7 — Borearctia menetriesii, самка, там же, 1.07.2018; 8 — Arctia caja sajana, самец, там же, 26.07.2018; 9 — A. c. sajana, самка, там же, 8.07.2020; 10 — A. flavia, самец, там же, 28.07.2017; 11 — A. flavia, самец, Нанайский р-н, автоΑорога «ΑиΑога — Ванино», ручей СтуΑеный, 8–12.07.2014 Fig. 2. Psychidae: 1 — Sterrhopterix fusca, Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, cordon "KP", 26.06.2020 (1a — genitalia); Arctiidae: 2 — Atolmis rubricollis, male, Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 6.07.2016; 3 — Dodia albertae, male, same location, 2.07.2016; 4 — D. albertae, female, same location, 2.07.2016; 5 — D. diaphana, female, same location, 2.07.2016; 6 — D. diaphana, male, same location, 3.07.2016; 7 — Borearctia menetriesii, female, same location, 1.07.2018; 8 — Arctia caja sajana, male, same location, 26.07.2018; 9 — A. c. sajana, female, same location, 8.07.2020; 10 — A. flavia, male, same location, 28.07.2017; 11 — A. flavia, male, Nanaisky District, "Lidoga–Vanino" motorway, Studenyi creek, 8–12.07.2014
Рис. 4. Grammia quenseli liturata: 1–4 — имаго (1, 2 — самцы, 3, 4 — самки); 5–7 — гусеницы сеΑьмого возраста (5, 6 — форма с ΑорсаΛьной Λинией, 7 — форма без ΑорсаΛьной Λинии); 8–10 — кукоΛка; 11, 12 — кремастер кукоΛки. 1–4, 5, 7, 10 — виΑ сверху; 6, 9, 12 — виΑ сбоку; 8, 11 — виΑ снизу. Δанные сбора имаго: 1, 3 — Буреинский заповеΑник, окрестности корΑона «Новый МеΑвежий», 5–6.07.2018; 2, 4 — там же, ex pupa 23–30.08.2018 Fig. 4. Grammia quenseli liturata: 1–4 — imago (1, 2 — males, 3, 4 — females); 5–7 — seventh instar larvae (5, 6 — with white dorsal line, 7 — without dorsal line); 8–10 — pupa; 11, 12 — cremaster. 1–4, 5, 7, 10 — dorsal view; 6, 9, 12 — lateral view; 8, 11 — ventral view. Data labels for imago: 1, 3 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, near Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 5–6.07.2018; 2, 4 — same location, 23–30.08.2018 in Moths (Lepidoptera, Macroheterocera, Excluding Geometridae And Noctuidae S.L.) Of The Bureinsky State Nature Reserve And Adjacent Territories (Khabarovsk Krai, Russia)
Рис. 4. Grammia quenseli liturata: 1–4 — имаго (1, 2 — самцы, 3, 4 — самки); 5–7 — гусеницы сеΑьмого возраста (5, 6 — форма с ΑорсаΛьной Λинией, 7 — форма без ΑорсаΛьной Λинии); 8–10 — кукоΛка; 11, 12 — кремастер кукоΛки. 1–4, 5, 7, 10 — виΑ сверху; 6, 9, 12 — виΑ сбоку; 8, 11 — виΑ снизу. Δанные сбора имаго: 1, 3 — Буреинский заповеΑник, окрестности корΑона «Новый МеΑвежий», 5–6.07.2018; 2, 4 — там же, ex pupa 23–30.08.2018 Fig. 4. Grammia quenseli liturata: 1–4 — imago (1, 2 — males, 3, 4 — females); 5–7 — seventh instar larvae (5, 6 — with white dorsal line, 7 — without dorsal line); 8–10 — pupa; 11, 12 — cremaster. 1–4, 5, 7, 10 — dorsal view; 6, 9, 12 — lateral view; 8, 11 — ventral view. Data labels for imago: 1, 3 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, near Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 5–6.07.2018; 2, 4 — same location, 23–30.08.2018
Рис. 2. ПяΑеницы (Geometridae) Ботчинского заповеΑника: A — Ourapteryx maculicaudaria, самка; B — Charissa remmi, самка; C — Charissa creperaria, самка; D — Macaria wauaria, самец. ШкаΛа поΑ бабочками — 10 мм. Figs 2. Geometrid moths (Geometridae) of the Botchinsky Reserve: A — Ourapteryx maculicaudaria, female; B — Charissa remmi, female; C — Charissa creperaria, female; D — Macaria wauaria, male. The scale under the moths — 10 mm in Fauna of the geometrid moths (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) of the eastern Sikhote-Alin in the area of the Botchinsky State Nature Reserve I: History of research and subfamilies Archiearinae, Ennominae, Desmobathrinae, and Geometrinae
Рис. 2. ПяΑеницы (Geometridae) Ботчинского заповеΑника: A — Ourapteryx maculicaudaria, самка; B — Charissa remmi, самка; C — Charissa creperaria, самка; D — Macaria wauaria, самец. ШкаΛа поΑ бабочками — 10 мм. Figs 2. Geometrid moths (Geometridae) of the Botchinsky Reserve: A — Ourapteryx maculicaudaria, female; B — Charissa remmi, female; C — Charissa creperaria, female; D — Macaria wauaria, male. The scale under the moths — 10 mm
Figure 11. Compsobuthus pallidus. Male, A. Dorsal aspect. B. ventral aspect. Female, C. Dorsal aspect. D in Scorpions of the State of Kuwait
Figure 11. Compsobuthus pallidus. Male, A. Dorsal aspect. B. ventral aspect. Female, C. Dorsal aspect. D. ventral aspect. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Fig. 4. Female metasoma comparison. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924. B. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898. C. A. texanus Cresson, 1872 s. s. D. A. angelicus, T1 and T2 in Taxonomy of Agapostemon angelicus and the A. texanus species complex (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in the United States
Fig. 4. Female metasoma comparison. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924. B. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898. C. A. texanus Cresson, 1872 s. s. D. A. angelicus, T1 and T2, with red arrow pointing to lateral areas basal to premarginal line with denser punctures. E. A. subtilior, T1 and T2, with red arrow pointing to area of sparser punctures. F. A. texanus s. s., T1 and T2, with red arrow pointing to area of denser punctures. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Reproductive state alters vocal characteristics of female North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
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Data from: Flexible females: nutritional state influences biparental cooperation in a burying beetle
<p>In species that provide biparental care, there is sexual conflict between parents over how much each should contribute towards caring for their joint offspring. Theoretical models for the resolution of this conflict through behavioral negotiation between parents assume that parents cannot assess their partner's state directly but do so indirectly by monitoring their partner's contribution. Here, we test whether parents can assess their partner's state directly by investigating the effect of nutritional state on cooperation between parents in the burying beetle <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em>. We used a two-by-two factorial design, in which a well-fed or food-deprived female was paired with a well-fed or food-deprived male. We found that females adjusted their level of care in response to both their own nutritional state and that of their partner and that these decisions were independent of their partner's contribution. We found no evidence that males responded directly to nutritional state. Males instead responded indirectly based on the contribution of their partner. Our results suggest that parents are able to assess the state of their partner, in contrast to what has been assumed, and that these assessments play an important role in the mediation of sexual conflict between caring parents.</p>
Dataset:Female state and condition-dependent chemical signalling revealed by male choice of silk trails
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>We ask whether males of the nuptial gift-giving spider <em>Pisaura mirabilis</em> exert preferences for mates varying in their reproductive potential based on chemical information during mate search. Males were presented with binary trails consisting of silk lines and substrate-borne chemicals deposited while females were walking, from females varying in a) body condition (high vs. low), b) developmental state (subadult vs. adult) and c) mating state (unmated vs. mated). If female chemical signaling co-varies with individual state, we expect males to choose trails of females that are a) in higher body condition, indicating higher fecundity, b) adults, which can successfully reproduce, and c) unmated, to avoid sperm competition. </span><span>We show that female signaling is condition-dependent, with m</span><span>ales being</span><span> more likely to follow trails of higher body condition females, but not dependent on female mating state. Males also tended to prefer trails of adults over subadults. Choice did not depend on male individual body condition.</span></p>
Data from: The effect of individual state on the strength of mate choice in females and males
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Dataset:Female state and condition-dependent chemical signalling revealed by male choice of silk trails
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Female biased offspring sex ratios of eastern wild turkeys across the southeastern United States
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Data from: Flexible females: nutritional state influences biparental cooperation in a burying beetle
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Data from: Joint estimation of survival and breeding probability in female dolphins and calves with uncertainty in state assignment
While the population growth rate in long-lived species is highly sensitive to adult survival, reproduction can also significantly drive population dynamics. Reproductive parameters can be challenging to estimate as breeders and non-breeders may vary in resighting probability and reproductive status may be difficult to assess. We extended capture–recapture (CR) models previously fitted for data on other long-lived marine mammals to estimate demographic parameters while accounting for detection heterogeneity between individuals and state uncertainty regarding reproductive status. We applied this model to data on 106 adult female bottlenose dolphins observed over 13 years. The detection probability differed depending on breeding status. Concerning state uncertainty, offspring were not always sighted with their mother, and older calves were easier to detect than young-of-the-year (YOY), respectively 0.79 (95% CI 0.59–0.90) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.46–0.68). This possibly led to inaccurate reproductive status assignment of females. Adult female survival probability was high (0.97 CI 95% 0.96–0.98) and did not differ according to breeding status. Young-of-the-year and 1-year-old calves had a significantly higher survival rate than 2-year-old (respectively 0.66 CI 95% 0.50-0.78 and 0.45 CI 95% 0.29–0.61). This reduced survival is probably related to weaning, a period during which young are exposed to more risks since they lose protection and feeding from the mother. The probability of having a new YOY was high for breeding females that had raised a calf to the age of 3 or lost a 2-year-old calf (0.71, CI 95% 0.45– 0.88). Yet this probability was much lower for non-breeding females and breeding females that had lost a YOY or a 1-year-old calf (0.33, 95% CI 0.26–0.42). The multievent CR framework we used is highly flexible and could be easily modified for other study questions or taxa (marine or terrestrial) aimed at modelling reproductive parameters.
FIGURE 7. Eucosma ridingsana female genitalia. a in A new species of Eucosma Hübner from the Western United States (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini).
FIGURE 7. Eucosma ridingsana female genitalia. a, corpus bursae; b, ovipositor lobes and apophyses; c, lamella postvaginalis and ostium bursae.
FIGURE 6. Eucosma crambitana female genitalia. a in A new species of Eucosma Hübner from the Western United States (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini).
FIGURE 6. Eucosma crambitana female genitalia. a, corpus bursae; b, ovipositor lobes and apophyses; c, lamella post vaginalis and ostium bursae.
FIGURE 16. Neotrichia mentonensis, female genitalia. A in The Neotrichia caxima Group (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in the southeastern United States
FIGURE 16. Neotrichia mentonensis, female genitalia. A. Abdominal segment VIII, ventral view, B. Bursa copulatrix, ventral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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