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Data from: High temperatures and low soil moisture synergistically reduce switchgrass yields from marginal field sites and inhibit fermentation
<p>'Marginal lands' are low productivity sites abandoned from agriculture for reasons such as low or high soil water content, challenging topography, or nutrient deficiency. To avoid competition with crop production, cellulosic bioenergy crops have been proposed for cultivation on marginal lands, however on these sites they may be more strongly affected by environmental stresses such as low soil water content. In this study we used rainout shelters to induce low soil moisture on marginal lands and determine the effect of soil water stress on switchgrass growth and the subsequent production of bioethanol. Five marginal land sites that span a latitudinal gradient in Michigan and Wisconsin were planted to switchgrass in 2013 and during the 2018-2021 growing seasons were exposed to reduced precipitation under rainout shelters in comparison to ambient precipitation. The effect of reduced precipitation was related to the environmental conditions at each site and biofuel production metrics (switchgrass biomass yields and composition and ethanol production). During the first year (2018), the rainout shelters were designed with 60% rain exclusion, which did not affect biomass yields compared to ambient conditions at any of the field sites, but decreased switchgrass fermentability at the Wisconsin Central - Hancock site. In subsequent years, the shelters were redesigned to fully exclude rainfall, which led to reduced biomass yields and inhibited fermentation for three sites. When switchgrass was grown in soils with large reductions in moisture and increases in temperature, the potential for biofuel production was significantly reduced, exposing some of the challenges associated with producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass grown under drought conditions.</p>
Fig. 8 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 8. Anatoma laevapex sp. nov. A, G. INDEX19_127RO. A–C. Holotype (SMF 358989) (I19_Ma_74) H 1.0 mm, W 1.5 mm, Ha 0.67 mm, Wp 0.19 mm, apical angle 119 deg. D–E. Paratype 1 (SMF 358990) (I19_Ma_75) H 0.9 mm, W 1.3 mm, Ha 0.61 mm, Dp 0.19 mm, apical angle 124 deg. F–G. Paratype 2
Fig. 3 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 3. Anatoma discapex sp. nov. A–F. INDEX19_042RO. A–B. Holotype (SMF 358976), H 1.31 mm, W 2.11 mm, Ha 0.85 mm. C–D. Paratype 1 (SMF 358977), H 1.15 mm, W 2.20 mm, Ha 0.79 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. E–F. Paratype 2 (SMF 358978), I19_Ma_85, H 0.68 mm, W 1.47 mm, Ha 0.53 mm, Wp 0.19 mm. — G–S. INDEX19_031RO. G–H. Paratype 3 (SMF 358979), I19_Ma_86, H 0.84 mm, W 1.48 mm, Ha 0.58 mm. I–K. Paratype 4 (SMF 358980), H 0.38 mm, W 0.70 mm, Ha 0.32 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. L–N. Paratype 5 (SMF 358981), I19_Ma_80, H 0.86 mm, W 1.34 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. O–Q. Paratype 6 (SMF 358982), I19_Ma_81, H 0.72 mm, W 1.30 mm, Wp 0.19 mm. R–S. Paratype 7
Fig. 11 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 11. Anatoma paucisculpta sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (SMF 358993), INDEX19_104RO (I19_Ma_91). H 0.77 mm, W 0.99 mm, Ha 0.61 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. D–H. Holotype (SMF 358992), INDEX15_62R
Fig. 10 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 10. SEM images of radula of Anatoma laevapex sp. nov., I19_033RO (I19_Ma_97). A. Central, lateral and inner marginal teeth. B. Central and inner lateral teeth. C. SEM image of half radula with central, lateral, inner and outer marginal teeth. D. Outer marginal teeth. E. Inner marginal teeth. Abbreviations: C = central (rachidian) tooth; L1, L2, L3 = inner lateral teeth; M1, M2, M3 = inner
Fig. 9 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 9. CLSM images of contracted soft parts of Anatoma laevapex sp. nov., INDEX19_127RO (I19_ Ma_73). A–B. Complete soft parts in apical view (A) and basal view (B). C. External view of operculum. D. Left antero-dorsal view showing cephalic tentacle (CT), epipodial sensory organ (ESO), epipodial appendage (*), foot (F), operculum (O), mantle edge (M) and snout (S). E. Right view of anterior with
Fig. 2 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 2. Bayesian inference tree of 95 individuals based on a MAFFT alignment showing posterior probabilities. Included are four COI sequences from GenBank (marked in grey, Table 2), locations of findings are colour coded. Relevant species delimitation result is shown by six bars: M = morphology; Ai = ABGD (initial partition); Ar = ABGD (recursive partition); C = CD-Hit; G = GMYC; B = BPTP and BIN. The red bar presents the consensus of all delimitation methods.
Fig. 6 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 6. CLSM images of soft parts of Anatoma declivis sp. nov., South-East Indian Ridge, INDEX19_127RO, (I19_Ma_78). A–B. Soft parts in basal and left anterior view (A) and apical and right-anterior view; internal tip removed (B). C. External view of operculum. D. Left anterior view showing cephalic tentacle (CT), epipodial sensory organ (ESO), epipodial appendage (*), foot (F), operculum (O) and snout (S). E. Right view of anterior with same parts as in D. Scale bars: A–B =
Fig. 5 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 5. Anatoma declivis sp. nov. A–C. Paratype 1 (SMF 358985), I19_Ma_92, INDEX19_031RO, H 1.21, W 1.90 mm, Ha 0.77 mm, Wp 0.19 mm. D–E. Paratype 2 (SMF 358986), I19_Ma_93, INDEX19_031RO, W 0.87 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. F–G. Holotype (SMF 358984), I19_Ma_94, INDEX19_033RO, H 1.19 mm, W 1.90 mm, Ha 0.81 mm. H–K. Paratype 3 (SMF 358987), I19_ Ma_89, INDEX19_042RO, H 1.61 mm, W 1.98 mm, Ha 1.00 mm, Wp 0.21 mm. L–N. Paratype 4 (SMF 358988), I19_Ma_87, INDEX19_102RO, H 0.63 mm, W 1.00 mm, Ha 0.46 mm, Wp 0.20 mm.
Fig. 1 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 1. Location map of oceanic plate ridges in the central Indian Ocean. Three areas are indicated by red dots where species in Anatoma Woodward, 1859 were encountered. Abbreviations: CIR = Central Indian Ridge; RTJ = Rodriguez Triple Junction; SEIR = SE Indian Ridge; SWIR = SW Indian Ridge.
Fig. 4 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 4. CLSM images of contracted soft parts of Anatoma discapex sp. nov., Central Indian Ridge, INDEX19_042RO, (I19_Ma_83). A–B. Complete soft parts in basal and left anterior view (A) and apical and right-anterior view (B). C. External view of operculum. D. Left anterior view showing cephalic tentacle (CT), epipodial sensory organ (ESO), epipodial appendage (*), foot (F), operculum (O), mantle edge (M) and snout (S). E. Right view of anterior with same parts as in D. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm;
Fig. 10 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 10. SEM images of radula of Anatoma laevapex sp. nov., I19_033RO (I19_Ma_97). A. Central, lateral and inner marginal teeth. B. Central and inner lateral teeth. C. SEM image of half radula with central, lateral, inner and outer marginal teeth. D. Outer marginal teeth. E. Inner marginal teeth. Abbreviations: C = central (rachidian) tooth; L1, L2, L3 = inner lateral teeth; M1, M2, M3 = inner marginal teeth. Scale bars: A, C–E = 10 μm; B = 5 μm.
Fig. 9 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 9. CLSM images of contracted soft parts of Anatoma laevapex sp. nov., INDEX19_127RO (I19_ Ma_73). A–B. Complete soft parts in apical view (A) and basal view (B). C. External view of operculum. D. Left antero-dorsal view showing cephalic tentacle (CT), epipodial sensory organ (ESO), epipodial appendage (*), foot (F), operculum (O), mantle edge (M) and snout (S). E. Right view of anterior with same parts as in D. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 8 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 8. Anatoma laevapex sp. nov. A, G. INDEX19_127RO. A–C. Holotype (SMF 358989) (I19_Ma_74) H 1.0 mm, W 1.5 mm, Ha 0.67 mm, Wp 0.19 mm, apical angle 119 deg. D–E. Paratype 1 (SMF 358990) (I19_Ma_75) H 0.9 mm, W 1.3 mm, Ha 0.61 mm, Dp 0.19 mm, apical angle 124 deg. F–G. Paratype 2 (SMF 358991) (I19_Ma_76) H 0.9 mm, W 1.4 mm, Ha 0.54 mm. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 6 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 6. CLSM images of soft parts of Anatoma declivis sp. nov., South-East Indian Ridge, INDEX19_127RO, (I19_Ma_78). A–B. Soft parts in basal and left anterior view (A) and apical and right-anterior view; internal tip removed (B). C. External view of operculum. D. Left anterior view showing cephalic tentacle (CT), epipodial sensory organ (ESO), epipodial appendage (*), foot (F), operculum (O) and snout (S). E. Right view of anterior with same parts as in D. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm; C = 0.15 mm; D–E = 0.4 mm.
Fig. 5 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 5. Anatoma declivis sp. nov. A–C. Paratype 1 (SMF 358985), I19_Ma_92, INDEX19_031RO, H 1.21, W 1.90 mm, Ha 0.77 mm, Wp 0.19 mm. D–E. Paratype 2 (SMF 358986), I19_Ma_93, INDEX19_031RO, W 0.87 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. F–G. Holotype (SMF 358984), I19_Ma_94, INDEX19_033RO, H 1.19 mm, W 1.90 mm, Ha 0.81 mm. H–K. Paratype 3 (SMF 358987), I19_ Ma_89, INDEX19_042RO, H 1.61 mm, W 1.98 mm, Ha 1.00 mm, Wp 0.21 mm. L–N. Paratype 4 (SMF 358988), I19_Ma_87, INDEX19_102RO, H 0.63 mm, W 1.00 mm, Ha 0.46 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 1 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 1. Location map of oceanic plate ridges in the central Indian Ocean. Three areas are indicated by red dots where species in Anatoma Woodward, 1859 were encountered. Abbreviations: CIR = Central Indian Ridge; RTJ = Rodriguez Triple Junction; SEIR = SE Indian Ridge; SWIR = SW Indian Ridge. Map by QGIS using GEBCO bathymetry data.
Fig. 4 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 4. CLSM images of contracted soft parts of Anatoma discapex sp. nov., Central Indian Ridge, INDEX19_042RO, (I19_Ma_83). A–B. Complete soft parts in basal and left anterior view (A) and apical and right-anterior view (B). C. External view of operculum. D. Left anterior view showing cephalic tentacle (CT), epipodial sensory organ (ESO), epipodial appendage (*), foot (F), operculum (O), mantle edge (M) and snout (S). E. Right view of anterior with same parts as in D. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm; C = 0.15 mm; D–E = 0.4 mm.
Fig. 11 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 11. Anatoma paucisculpta sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (SMF 358993), INDEX19_104RO (I19_Ma_91). H 0.77 mm, W 0.99 mm, Ha 0.61 mm, Wp 0.20 mm. D–H. Holotype (SMF 358992), INDEX15_62R (I15_Ma_169), H 1.03 mm, W 1.20 mm, Ha 0.70 mm, Wp 0.21 mm. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 7 in Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus Anatoma (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)
Fig. 7. Radula of Anatoma declivis sp. nov., South-East Indian Ridge, INDEX19_127RO, (I19_Ma_78). A. SEM image of distal marginal teeth. B. SEM image of proximal marginal teeth. Scale bars: 10 Mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.