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39 results for “field predation”
Biocomplexity at North Temperate Lakes LTER; Coordinated Field Studies: Predation Study Data 2000 - 2004
These data were collected to track changes in dietary composition, changes in age and growth structure, and changes in species and size of prey of fish predators in Sparkling Lake, Vilas County, WI, USA. Sampling began in May of 2000 and ended in September of 2004. Fish were collected with a boat-mounted electrofishing system, usually by conducting a complete lap around Sparkling Lake shortly after dark. Commonly captured species were rock bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye. Less common species were pumpkinseed sunfish and yellow perch. Dietary Composition: Fish stomach contents were collected by gastric lavage, and fish were released after capture. Stomach contents were sorted and counted by major taxonomic groups, dried in polystyrene weighboats at 57 deg C for 48hrs, and then weighed to 0.001g. The count under a taxonomic group heading indicates how many individuals of that group were found in that diet sample. The mass of that group is given in the adjacent ''net wt'' column. Diets varied across sampling dates and years, with a trend towards decreased abundance of the exotics rusty crayfish and rainbow smelt and increased reliance on native minnows. Prey Data: Fish stomach contents were collected by gastric lavage, and fish were released after capture. Once collected, crayfish and fish prey were measured unless advanced digestion had occurred. If possible, the carapace, right chela and left chela of crayfish prey were measured . Due to digestion, it was usually not possible to get all three measurements. The total length of prey fish was recorded. Young-of-year smelt and crayfish were often too small or digested to measure; these were often just counted. Gut labels on each sampling date correspond with the same gut labels in other datasets. Prey fish and crayfish size and composition varied across sampling dates and years, with a trend towards decreased abundance of rusty crayfish and rainbow smelt and increased reliance on native minnows. Age Growth Data: Scale
The Interaction between Competition and Predation: A Meta-analysis of Field Experiments
Ecologists working with a range of organisms and environments have carried out manipulative field experiments that enable us to ask questions about the interaction between competition and predation (including herbivory) and about the relative strength of competition and predation in the field. Evaluated together, such a collection of studies can offer insight into the importance and function of these factors in nature. Therefore, this dataset was created by combining the results of 20 articles reporting on 39 published field experiments on the interaction between competition and predation. These experiments tested whether the presence of predators affects the intensity of competitive effects. The combined data was then analyzed using a factorial meta-analysis technique, the results of which were published in the study titled The Interaction between Competition and Predation: A Meta‐analysis of Field Experiments (Gurevitch et al., 2000).
Figure 4 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 4. Means (±SE) number of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) with different surrounding habitats (sugarcane + sesame, monoculture, sesame) during cropping season of cotton from June 20 to September 18, 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.
Figure 3 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 3. Means (±SE) number of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) at different crop developmental stages (crop phenology) of cotton from June 20 to September 18, 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.
Figure 2 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 2. Means (±SE) number of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) during cropping season of cotton from June 20 to September 18, 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.
Figure 1 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan
Figure 1. Percent numbers of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) during 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.
Data from: Site-level field of view is associated with altered anti-predator responses in farming damselfish
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Data from: Non-consumptive predator effects modify crayfish induced bioturbation as mediated by limb loss: field and mesocosm experiments
1. We addressed the implications of limb loss and regeneration for multi-species interactions and their impacts on ecosystem engineering in freshwater stream environments. 2. We included regenerative and non-regenerative crayfish as well as fish predators in a 2x2 factorial design to assess the effects on water turbidity of interactions between crayfish ecosystem engineers differing in regenerative status and their fish predators. 3. We demonstrated that crayfish limb loss and predation risks lead to more turbidity in field and mesocosm conditions. Moreover, ongoing regeneration of crayfish increased turbidity, while fish presence seemed to hinder crayfish turbidity-inducing behaviors (such as tail-flipping and burrowing) in the mesocosm experiment. 4. We confirmed that greater numbers of crayfish produce a greater amount of turbidity in-situ in streams. 5. Although mechanical burrowing crayfish capacities may depend on crayfish burrowing classification (primary, secondary, or tertiary), our work emphasizes the implication for turbidity levels of crayfish autotomy in freshwater streams.
Increased ladybird predation and metabolism do not counterbalance increased field aphid population growth under experimental warming
<ol> <li>Climate change may have diverse and complex impacts on species interactions, destabilizing food webs and ecosystem services. The effects of warming on the top-down biological control of crop pests have been considerably less studied than bottom-up effects through crop physiological changes.</li> <li>We studied the effect of a 2 °C warming in the laboratory and in wheat fields on the predation and metabolism of <em>Harmonia</em> <em>axyridis</em> on wheat aphids using molecular gut content analysis. We also measured the effects of warming on the predation rate and functional response of <em>H</em>. <em>axyridis</em> on each aphid species in the laboratory, as well as on DNA degradation rate.</li> <li>Field densities of <em>Sitobion avenae</em> and <em>Rhopalosiphum padi</em>, the two most abundant wheat aphid species, were increased by 2 and 2.5 times, respectively, under experimental warming, but densities of <em>H. axyridis </em>were not. Field predation rate of <em>H. axyridis</em> on these two aphids was found to be about 25% lower under elevated temperature. This could have been due to faster prey digestion, since degradation of the preferred aphid species, <em>Sitobion avenae</em>, was 1.5 times faster under elevated temperature. However, the functional response of <em>H. axyridis</em> larvae on these two species was 1.5 times higher under warming over the range of prey densities tested (50 to 250 over 24 h). The total predation rate of <em>H. axyridis</em> larvae on a mixture of <em>S. avenae, R. padi </em>and<em> Schizaphis graminum</em> aphid prey was also increased by 1.4 times, but consumption of <em>R. padi</em> aphids was increased while that of <em>S. graminum</em> was decreased under warming.</li> <li>Overall, our results show that global warming could strongly increase pest outbreaks and destabilize biological pest control, which would likely result in accrued yield losses. </li> </ol>
FIGURE 3 in Evaluation of three pesticides against phytophagous mites and their impact on phytoseiid predators in an eggplant open-field
FIGURE 3: General mean abundance per eggplant leaf (± SE) of Tetranychus urticae (a), Phytoseilus persimilis (b), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (c) and other phytoseiid species (d) in control, fenbutatin oxide (F.O.), acetamiprid (aceta.) and deltamethrin (delta.) treatments.
FIGURE 4 in Evaluation of three pesticides against phytophagous mites and their impact on phytoseiid predators in an eggplant open-field
FIGURE 4: Mean abundance per eggplant leaf (± SE) of Tetranychus urticae (continuous line) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (dotted line) observed during experiments in control (a) treated with water (gray arrows), fenbutatin oxide (b), acetamiprid (c) and deltamethrin (d) (black arrows).
Effects of enhanced productivity of resources shared by predators in a food-web module: Comparing results of a field experiment to predictions of mathematical models of intra-guild predation
<p>This dataset contains data from a field experiment described in the publication "Wise, D. H. & Farfan, M.A. (2021) Effects of enhanced productivity of resources shared by predators in a food-web module: Comparing results of a field experiment to predictions of mathematical models of intra-guild predation. Ecology and Evolution, 00: 1-11. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8375">https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8375</a>".</p> <p>The field experiment compared the response to increased input of nutrients and energy (artificial detritus) to an empirical model of intra-guild predation (IGP) to the predictions of published, simple mathematical models of asymmetric IGP (a generalist IG Predator that feeds both on a specialist IG Prey and a Resource that it shares with the IG Prey). The empirical model was a food-web module created by pooling species abundances across many families in a community of soil micro-arthropods into three response variables: IG Predator (large predatory mites), IG Prey (small predatory mites) and a shared Resource (fungivorous mites and springtails). The pattern of change over time in densities of the three response variables (IG Predator, IG Prey and Resource) was compared to the predictions of mathematical models of IGP to determine if the feeding relationships in this community of soil micro-arthropods could be abstracted into a simple IGP module. Thus, we were testing the hypothesis that IGP is a dominant organizing principle in this community.</p> <p>Simple mathematical models predict that increased input of nutrients and energy to the shared Resource will increase the equilibrium density of Resource and IG Predator, but will decrease that of IG Prey. By the experiment's end, densities of fungivores (Resource) had increased ~1.5x (ratio of pooled fungivore densities in the High treatment to plots with no addition of detritus (None treatment); and IG Predator densities had increased ~4x. Contrary to the prediction of mathematical models, IG Prey had not decreased, but instead had increased ~1.5x. We discuss possible reasons for the failure of the empirical model to agree with IGP theory.</p>
Figs 1-2 in Field observation of the predation of an adult of Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata: Lacertidae) by Mantis religiosa religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mantodea: Mantidae)
Figs 1-2 – Mantis religiosa religiosa preys Podarcis muralis (Photos L. Spada).
Data from "The relevance of flash coloration against avian predation in a Morpho butterfly: A field experiment in a tropical rainforest"
<p>This dataset contains all the data related to the manuscript "The relevance of flash coloration against avian predation in a <em>Morpho </em>butterfly: A field experiment in a tropical rainforest". </p>
Data from: Evaluating consumptive and nonconsumptive predator effects on prey density using field times series data
Determining the degree to which predation affects prey abundance in natural communities constitutes a key goal of ecological research. Predators can affect prey through both consumptive effects (CEs) and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs), although the contributions of each mechanism to the density of prey populations remain largely hypothetical in most systems. Common statistical methods applied to time series data cannot elucidate the mechanisms responsible for hypothesized predator effects on prey density (e.g., differentiate CEs from NCEs), nor provide parameters for predictive models. State space models (SSMs) applied to time series data offer a way to meet these goals. Here, we employ SSMs to assess effects of an invasive predatory zooplankter, Bythotrephes longimanus, on an important prey species, Daphnia mendotae, in Lake Michigan. We fit mechanistic models in a SSM framework to seasonal time series (1994-2012) using a recently developed, maximum likelihood-based optimization method, iterated filtering, which can overcome challenges in ecological data (e.g. nonlinearities, measurement error, and irregular sampling intervals). Our results indicate that B. longimanus strongly influences D. mendotae dynamics, with mean annual peak densities of B. longimanus observed in Lake Michigan estimated to cause a 61% reduction in D. mendotae population growth rate and a 59% reduction in peak biomass density. Further, the mechanism underlying the B. longimanus effect is most consistent with an NCE via reduced birth rates. The SSM approach also provided estimates for key biological parameters (e.g., demographic rates) and the contribution of dynamic stochasticity and measurement error. Our study therefore highlights the utility of SSMs to enhance inference for species interactions from time series data. In particular, our findings provide evidence derived directly from survey data that the invasive zooplankter B. longimanus is affecting zooplankton demographics and offer parameter estimates needed to inform predictive models that explore the effect of B. longimanus under different scenarios such as climate change.
Increased ladybird predation and metabolism do not counterbalance increased field aphid population growth under experimental warming
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Identification of potential western bean cutworm (<em>Striacosta albicosta</em>) predators in field corn through molecular gut-content analysis
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Data from: Nonconsumptive predator effects modify crayfish-induced bioturbation as mediated by limb loss: field and mesocosm experiments
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Effects of enhanced productivity of resources shared by predators in a food-web module: Comparing results of a field experiment to predictions of mathematical models of intra-guild predation
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Data from: Predation on feather stars by regular echinoids as evidenced by laboratory and field observations and its paleobiological implications
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