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6 results for “field-based studies”
Field-based ecological studies to assess prospective biological control agents for invasive alien plants: an example from giant rat's tail grass
<p>1. Biological control (biocontrol) of invasive alien plants is a widely utilised weed management tool. Prospective biocontrol agents are typically assessed through host-specificity testing and pre-release efficacy studies performed in quarantine. However, rearing of the potential biocontrol agents and/or test plants is often difficult or impossible under quarantine conditions. Moreover, practitioners may attain laboratory-artefacts in quarantine, which may result in the potential agent being needlessly rejected. Field-based studies in the weed's indigenous distribution could overcome these issues.</p> <p>2. Sporobolus pyramidalis and Sporobolus natalensis (giant rat's tail grass; Poaceae) are indigenous in Africa but have become problematic invasive alien plants in Australia. A previous biocontrol programme was terminated because the candidate agent could not be reared and tested in quarantine. We performed field-based host-specificity and efficacy studies for prospective biocontrol agents in South Africa (indigenous distribution). Forty-seven non-target grass species were sampled during host-specificity assessments. Candidate agent efficacy was estimated based on damage to the target weeds, for each host-specific candidate individually and in combination with other host-specific candidates.</p> <p>3. Three species of endophagous wasps were deemed host-specific. Efficacy assessments identified an undescribed stem-boring wasp (Tetramesa sp.) species as the most damaging candidate. A second Tetramesa species was much less damaging alone but had a cumulative impact on the plant in combination with the more damaging Tetramesa species. Both Tetramesa species are recommended for importation into quarantine in Australia for confirmatory host-specificity testing with a significantly reduced test plant list.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Similar field-based assessments in the indigenous distribution of weeds targeted for biocontrol could be included in future programmes. Where rearing of potential agents and/or test plants is difficult or impossible under quarantine conditions, our field-based method provides an alternative. Where quarantine-based testing is feasible, this method ensures that only candidates that have passed an ecologically realistic host-specificity and potential efficacy screening are imported into quarantine. This may reduce the number of agents that are imported and the length of time each agent is kept in quarantine. This is advantageous because quarantine space is highly valuable and is usually a limiting factor in pre-release assessments of biocontrol agents.</p>
Field-based ecological studies to assess prospective biological control agents for invasive alien plants: an example from giant rat’s tail grass
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Exploring Mental Fatigue and Physical Limits in Soccer Players: Field-Based Study
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Data from: Sex in the wild: how and why field-based studies contribute to solving the problem of sex
Why and how sexual reproduction is maintained in natural populations, the so-called "queen of problems", is a key unanswered question in evolutionary biology. Recent efforts to solve the problem of sex have often emphasized results generated from laboratory settings. Here, we use a survey of representative "sex in the wild" literature to review and synthesize the outcomes of empirical studies focused on natural populations. Especially notable results included relatively strong support for mechanisms involving niche differentiation and a near absence of attention to adaptive evolution. Support for a major role of parasites is largely confined to a single study system, and only three systems contribute most of the support for mutation accumulation hypotheses. This evidence for taxon specificity suggests that outcomes of particular studies should not be more broadly extrapolated without extreme caution. We conclude by suggesting steps forward, highlighting tests of niche differentiation mechanisms in both lab and nature and empirical evaluation of adaptive evolution-focused hypotheses in the wild. We also emphasize the value of leveraging the growing body of genomic resources for non-model taxa to address whether the clearance of harmful mutations and spread of beneficial variants in natural populations proceeds as expected under various hypotheses for sex.
Data from: Sex in the wild: how and why field-based studies contribute to solving the problem of sex
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Remote sensing and field-based studies in the coastal Gulf of Alaska adjacent to the Copper River
The coastal marine system of the Gulf of Alaska (GoA) is connected hydrologically, biogeochemically and biologically with the upriver systems of the Copper River basin. Glacially weathered rock yields highly reactive particulate iron (Fe) into rivers that yields an important flux of bioavailable iron to the open ocean. North Pacific deep water is extremely nutrient-rich, and upwelling of deep water in estuaries and at river plumes results in very high biological productivity. The world-renowned fisheries in the vicinity of the Copper River region of the GoA thrive, in part, due to pristine riparian and lacustrine habitats for spawning and rearing. Pacific salmon spawn in the upper reaches of coastal watersheds, and their progeny spend a significant amount of time in freshwater habitats before migrating to the ocean. Prior to making the transition to a fully marine lifestyle, salmon smolts benefit from the enhanced biological productivity at plumes and within estuaries.The coastal GoA region is currently experiencing rapid and accelerating climate change as manifested by rapid recession of glaciers; climate models predict up to a 40% increase in river runoff from Alaska rivers by 2050. Over the coming decades an increase in glacier-dominated river discharge is likely, followed by decreases as glaciers recede. In addition, there will be a change in the seasonality of river discharge. Changes in freshwater discharge are likely to alter the flux of reactive particulate Fe, as well as dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DIC and DOC) from glacier-dominated rivers, as well as the nitrate flux to surface water from estuarine upwelling, with cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. Furthermore, the freshwater supply of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and nitrate may increase over time due to recolonization of deglaciated watersheds by opportunistic nitrogen-fixing plants. New habitats for salmon and other members of the headwater ecosystem are likely to become available as glaciers retreat and as permafrost melts in the upper watershed. Conversely, decreased permafrost and decreased river flows may lead to the loss of habitat as freshwater sources dry seasonally or permanently. In addition, the positive or negative feedbacks to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which are responsible for the warming and the subsequent melting of the glaciers, have not been addressed. As landscapes become ice free, the evolution of vegetation on these areas may act as net C sinks./The specific changes that will be manifested in the Copper River watershed and associated marine systems are difficult to predict and monitor. Using NASA products and a combination of remote sensing and field-based studies, this project seeks to establish a framework to document and monitor physical, biogeochemical biological changes in the coastal Gulf of Alaska adjacent to the Copper River.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.