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Figure 1. Diagnostic characteristics identifying NMV P252567 in Suction feeding preceded filtering in baleen whale evolution

Figure 1. Diagnostic characteristics identifying NMV P252567 as an aetiocetid. A, explanatory line drawing of the skull; B, photograph of the skull (left) and mandible (right), both in dorsal view.

Figure 3 in Suction feeding preceded filtering in baleen whale evolution

Figure 3. Additional teeth of NMV P252567. A, left upper incisor; B, right upper incisor; C, double-rooted postcanine 4. All teeth are shown in lingual (left) and labial (right) views. The lack or comparatively small degree of wear on the incisors suggests they may have been largely (left upper incisor) or partially (right upper incisor) enclosed within the gingiva, protecting them from the abrasive wear that affected the other teeth. A fifth double-rooted postcanine closely resembles postcanines 2 and 4 in terms of its wear, but is still partially encased in sediment and hence not shown here.

Figure 5 in Suction feeding preceded filtering in baleen whale evolution

Figure 5. Suction feeding precedes baleen filtering in mysticete evolution. A, consensus tree of aetiocetid evolutionary relationships, based on all cladistic studies published to date (e.g. Deméré and Berta, 2008; Deméré et al., 2008; Fitzgerald, 2010; Geisler and Sanders, 2003; Marx and Fordyce, 2015; Steeman, 2007), showing major feeding-related synapomorphies; B, life reconstructions (top) and skulls (in lateral view) of a representative archaeocete (Dorudon atrox), aetiocetid (NMV P252567), eomysticetid (Yamatocetus canaliculatus) and extant suction feeding mysticete (grey whale, Eschrichtius robustus); C, inferred behaviours and feeding strategies. Life reconstructions by Carl Buell.

Figure 2 in Suction feeding preceded filtering in baleen whale evolution

Figure 2. Wear patterns on representative teeth of NMV P252567, suggesting suction feeding in an aetiocetid. A, left upper canine or first premolar; B, double-rooted postcanine 1; C,?lower double-rooted postcanine 2; D,?lower double-rooted postcanine 3; E, micro-computed tomography cross section of postcanine 1, showing the depth and rounded edges of the horizontal striations (marked by large black arrows). A–C are shown in lingual, labial and anterior/posterior view, D in lingual view only.

Figure 4 in Suction feeding preceded filtering in baleen whale evolution

Figure 4. Cross section of the rostrum and lower jaws of A, a balaenid, B, a balaenopterid, and C, an aetiocetid, illustrating the relative movement of the mandible during jaw closure (red arrows). All drawings show the mouth slightly open. In right whales (A) and rorquals (B), the laterally bowed mandibles and/or tall lower lips rotate inwards on to the labial surface of the baleen plates, thereby leaving the rack intact. In aetiocetids (C), the movement of the mandible is mostly vertical and the upper and lower jaws need to approach each other enough to allow the teeth to occlude, thereby risking interference with any baleen present. A and B are adapted from Pivorunas (1979: fig. 3).

Figure 5 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand

Figure 5. The percentage of larval instars of Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 at the sampling site was calculated using the distribution of head capsule width for each month.

Figure 8 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand

Figure 8. Food item in Amphipsyche meridiana's digestive system under a bright field microscope (magnification x40).

Figure 7 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand

Figure 7. Food item proportions in the gut contents of the larval instar of Amphipsyche meridiana in each month from the irrigation canal. The gut content of A. meridiana larvae (n = 120) from the study area. The presence (%) represents the percentage of larvae with guts containing this type of material.

Figure 4 in Ecology and life cycle of the filter-feeding Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in an irrigation canal, central Thailand

Figure 4. The frequency distribution of larval instars of Amphipsyche meridiana Ulmer 1902 based on head capsule width (n = 12,513) from December 2021 to November 2022.

Figs. 235–257. Pseudoleptonema erawan. 235 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 235–257. Pseudoleptonema erawan. 235, right forewing; Male genitalia: 236, lateral; 237, segment X dorsal; 238, phallus lateral; 239, phallus tip. Pseudoleptonema sinuatum. 240, right fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 241, lateral; 242, segment X dorsal; 243, Phallus lateral; 244, Phallus tip. Pseudoleptonema supalak. 245, right fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 246, lateral; 247, segment X dorsal; 248, phallus lateral; 249, phallus tip. Pseudoleptonema quinquefasciatum. 251, right fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 252, lateral; 253, segment X dorsal; 254, phallus lateral; 255, phallus tip; 256, Head dorsal. Pseudoleptonema tansoongnerni. 257, right forewing. Scale: 235, 240, 245, 251, 257 = 2 mm; 236–239, 241–244, 246–249, 252–255 = 0.02 mm; 256 = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 258–271. Trichomacronema paniae. 258 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 258–271. Trichomacronema paniae. 258, right forewing; Male genitalia: 259, lateral; 260, segment X dorsal; 261, Phallus lateral; 262, Phallus tip. Trichomacronema tamdao. 263, right forewing; Male genitalia: 264, lateral; 265, segment X dorsal; 266, Phallus lateral; 267, Phallus tip. Trichomacronema vietnamensis, new species. 268, right forewing; 269, right hind wing; Female genitalia: 270, lateral; 271, ventral. Scale: 258, 263, 268–269 = 2 mm; 259–262, 264–267, 270–271 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 193–201 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 193–201. Polymorphanisus male right fore- and hind wings. 193, astictus; 194, fuscus; 195, muluensis; 196, nigricornis; 197, ocularis; 198, quadripunctatus; 199, semperi; 200, scutellatus; 201, unipunctus. Scale = 5 mm (199 redrawn from Barnard, 1980).

Figs. 177–182. Oestropsyche vitrina. 177 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 177–182. Oestropsyche vitrina. 177, fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 178, lateral; 179, segment X dorsal; 180, phallus lateral; 181, phallus tip; 182, Head dorsal. Scale bars: 177 = 2 mm; 178–181 = 0.5 mm; 182 = 1 mm.

Figs. 183–192. Polymorphanisus thorax. 183 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 183–192. Polymorphanisus thorax. 183, astictus, ocularis male and female thorax; 16, fuscus male thorax; 184–185, fuscus female thorax; 186, muluensis male and female thorax; 187, nigricornis male and female thorax; 188, quadripunctatus male and female thorax; 189, semperi male and female thorax; 190, scutellatus male thorax; 191, scutellatus female thorax; 192, unipunctus male and female thorax. Scale = 2 mm (189 redrawn from Barnard, 1980).

Figs. 226–234. Polymorphanisus segment X in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 226–234. Polymorphanisus segment X of male genitalia. 226, astictus; 227, fuscus; 228, muluensis; 229, nigricornis; 230, ocularis; 231, quadripunctatus; 232, semperi; 233, scutellatus; 234, unipunctus. Scale = 0.5 mm (232 redrawn from Barnard, 1980).

Figs. 165–176. Macrostemum trifasciatum. 165 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 165–176. Macrostemum trifasciatum. 165, right forewing; Male genitalia: 166, lateral; 167, segment X dorsal; 168, phallus lateral; 169, phallus tip. Macrostemum zenon. 170, right forewing. Macrostemum sp. 171, right forewing; 172, right hind wing; Male genitalia: 173, lateral; 174, segment X dorsal; 175, phallus lateral; 176, phallus tip. Scale: 165, 170–172 = 2 mm; 166–169, 173–176 = 0.02 mm (170 redrawn from Malicky, O'Connor & Ashe, 2010).

Figs. 142–148. Macrostemum punctatum. 142–144 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 142–148. Macrostemum punctatum. 142–144, right forewing variants; Male genitalia: 145, lateral; 146, segment X dorsal; 147, phallus lateral; 148, phallus tip. Scale: 142 = 2 mm; 145–148 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 126–141. Macrostemum midas. 126 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 126–141. Macrostemum midas. 126, right forewing; Male genitalia: 127, lateral; 128, segment X dorsal; 129, phallus lateral; 130, phallus tip. Macrostemum opulentum. 131–132, right forewing; Male genitalia: 133, lateral; 134, segment X dorsal; 135, phallus lateral; 136, phallus tip. Macrostemum pallipes. 137, right forewing; Male genitalia: 138, lateral; 139, segment X dorsal; 140, phallus lateral; 141, phallus tip. Scale: 126, 131–132, 137 = 2 mm; 127–130, 133–136, 138–141 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 149–164. Macrostemum quinquepunctatum. 149 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 149–164. Macrostemum quinquepunctatum. 149, right forewing; Male genitalia: 150, lateral; 151, segment X dorsal; 152, phallus lateral; 153, phallus tip. Macrostemum seba. 154–155, right forewing; Male genitalia: 156, lateral; 157, segment X dorsal; 158, phallus lateral; 159, phallus tip. Macrostemum tonkinensis. 160, right forewing; Male genitalia: 161, lateral; 162, segment X dorsal; 163, phallus lateral; 164, phallus tip. Scale: 149, 154–155, 160 = 2 mm; 150–153, 156–159, 161–164 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 112–125. Macrostemum hestia. 112 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 112–125. Macrostemum hestia. 112, right forewing; Male genitalia: 113, 115, lateral; 114, 116, segment X dorsal; 117, phallus lateral; 118, phallus tip. Macrostemum indistinctum. 119, right forewing; Male genitalia: 120, lateral; 121, segment X dorsal; 122. phallus lateral. Macrostemum luteipes. Male genitalia: 123, lateral; 124, segment X dorsal; 125, phallus lateral. Scale: 112, 119 = 2 mm; 113–118, 120–125 = 0.02 mm (123–125 redrawn from Kimmins, 1955).