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12 results for “fission-fusion dynamics”
Daily ranging and den usage patterns structure fission-fusion dynamics and social associations in spotted hyenas
<p>Environment structure often shapes social interactions. Spatial attractors that draw multiple individuals may play a particularly important role in dispersed groups, where individuals must first encounter one another to interact. We use GPS data recorded simultaneously from five spotted hyenas (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>) within a single clan to investigate how communal dens and daily ranging patterns shape fission-fusion dynamics (subgroup splits and merges). We introduce a species-general framework for identifying and characterizing dyadic fission-fusion events and describe a taxonomy of ten possible configurations of these events. Applying this framework to the hyena data illuminates the spatiotemporal structure of social interactions within hyenas' daily routines. The most common types of fission-fusion events involve close approaches between individuals, do not involve co-travel together, and occur at the communal den. Comparison to permutation-based reference models suggests that den usage structures broad-scale patterns of social encounters, but that other factors influence how those encounters unfold. We discuss the dual role of communal dens in hyenas as physical and social resources, and suggest that dens are an example of a general "social piggybacking" process whereby environmental attractors take on social importance as reliable places to encounter conspecifics, causing social and spatial processes to become fundamentally intertwined.</p>
Short-term, but not long-term grooming reciprocity in a species with high fission-fusion dynamics
<p>Reciprocity allows animals to balance the costs and benefits of cooperative interactions by switching roles over time. Reciprocity can be based on two different processes: partner control and partner choice. Although not mutually exclusive, the relative roles of the two processes remain debated. We investigated grooming reciprocity in wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (<em>Ateles</em> <em>geoffroyi</em>), <span>a species with </span>low grooming rates <span>and reduced opportunities for group members to interact due to a </span>high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. We assessed separately the roles of partner control and partner choice in grooming exchanges and investigated the factors affecting reciprocity. We found short-term reciprocity based on partner-control with reciprocation occurring within 401 s after receiving grooming. In contrast, we did not find evidence for long-term reciprocity based on partner choice. Short-term reciprocity based on partner control was not affected by kinship, whereas reduced time spent together in the same subgroup increased the probability of short-term grooming reciprocation. Our results suggest the opportunity to interact is a potent modulator of reciprocity. In species characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics and low grooming rates, short-term reciprocation based on partner control can be favoured at the expense of partner choice.</p>
Data from: Fission-fusion dynamics in sheep: The influence of resource distribution and temporal activity patterns
<p><span>Fission-fusion events, i.e. changes to the size and composition of animal social groups, are a mechanism to adjust the social environment in response to short-term changes in the cost-benefit ratio of group living. Furthermore, the time and location of fission-fusion events provide insight into the underlying drivers of these dynamics. Here, we describe a method for identifying group membership over time and for extracting fission-fusion events from animal tracking data. We applied this method to high-resolution GPS data of free-ranging sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>). Group size was highest during times when sheep typically rest (mid-day and at night), and when anti-predator benefits of grouping are high while costs of competition are low. Consistent with this, fission and fusion frequencies were highest during early morning and late evening, suggesting that social restructuring occurs during periods of high activity. However, fission and fusion events were not more frequent near food patches and water resources when adjusted for overall space use. This suggests a limited role of resource competition. Our results elucidate the dynamics of grouping in response to social and ecological drivers, and we provide a tool for investigating these dynamics in other species.</span></p>
Daily ranging and den usage patterns structure fission-fusion dynamics and social associations in spotted hyenas
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Data from: fission-fusion dynamics in sheep: the influence of resource distribution and temporal activity patterns
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Short-term, but not long-term grooming reciprocity in a species with high fission-fusion dynamics
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Data from: Quantifying uncertainty due to fission-fusion dynamics as a component of social complexity
Groups of animals (including humans) may show flexible grouping patterns, in which temporary aggregations or subgroups come together and split, changing composition over short temporal scales, i.e. fission and fusion). A high degree of fission-fusion dynamics may constrain the regulation of social relationships, introducing uncertainty in interactions between group members. Here we use Shannon's entropy to quantify the predictability of subgroup composition for three species known to differ in the way their subgroups come together and split over time: spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada). We formulate a random expectation of entropy that considers subgroup size variation and sample size, against which the observed entropy in subgroup composition can be compared. Using the theory of set partitioning, we also develop a method to estimate the number of subgroups that the group is likely to be divided into, based on the composition and size of single focal subgroups. Our results indicate that Shannon's entropy and the estimated number of subgroups present at a given time provide quantitative metrics of uncertainty in the social environment (within which social relationships must be regulated) for groups with different degrees of fission-fusion dynamics. These metrics also represent an indirect quantification of the cognitive challenges posed by socially dynamic environments. Overall, our novel methodological approach provides new insight for understanding the evolution of social complexity and the mechanisms to cope with the uncertainty that results from fission-fusion dynamics.
Data from: Are fission-fusion dynamics consistent among populations? A large-scale study with Cape buffalo
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Data from: Quantifying uncertainty due to fission-fusion dynamics as a component of social complexity
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Data from: Similar but different: dynamic social network analysis highlights fundamental differences between the fission-fusion societies of two equid species, the onager and Grevy's zebra
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Multi year social stability and social information use in reef sharks with diel fission-fusion dynamics: Raw acoustic detection
<p><span>Animals across vertebrate taxa form social communities and often exist as fission-fusion societies. Central place foragers (CPF) may form social groups, from which they will predictably disperse to forage, either individually or in smaller groups, before returning to fuse with the larger group. However, the function and stability of social associations in predatory fish acting as CPFs is unknown, as individuals do not need to return to a shelter, yet show fidelity to core areas. Using dynamic social networks generated from acoustic tracking data, we document spatially structured sociality in CPF grey reef sharks at a Pacific Ocean atoll. We show that sharks form stable, social groups over multi-year periods, with some dyadic associations consistent for up to four years. Groups primarily formed during the day, increasing in group size before sharks dispersed from the reef to forage at night. Our simulations suggest that multiple individuals sharing a central place and using social information while foraging (i.e. local enhancement), will outperform non-CPF social foragers. We show multiyear social stability in sharks and suggest that social foraging with information transfer could provide a generalisable mechanism for the emergence of sociality with group central place foraging.</span></p>
Multi year social stability and social information use in reef sharks with diel fission-fusion dynamics: Raw acoustic detection
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