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43 results for “fitness components”
Data from: Evolutionary potential and constraints in an aposematic species: Genetic correlations between warning coloration and fitness components in wood tiger moths
<p>Phenotypic data and pedigrees of two laboratory populations of wood tiger moths (<em>Arctia plantaginis</em>) of Finnish (=FIN) and Estonian (=EST) ancestry.</p> <p><strong>Pedigree: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>sire = Father<br>dam=mother</p> <p><strong>Pheno.data: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>Sex: 1=male; 2=female<br>hatchingdate: date when larva hatched<br>pupadate: date of pupation<br>adultdate: date of exclusion<br>Pupa.Weight: weight of pupa [mg]<br>Female.Colour = hindwing colour of females. In this species hindwing colour in females varies continuously from yellow to red. It was quantified by visual matching of hinwdings against a colour scale ranging from 1 = yellow to 6 = red. <br>Signal.Size = larva signal size. Larvae show an orange patch of variable size on the back of their black body. The size is given as number of segments<br>Egg.N = egg number produced by the individual<br>Off.N = offspring number. Larvae were counted 2-3 weeks after egg laying</p> <p> </p>
Detecting frequency-dependent selection through the effects of genotype similarity on fitness components
<p>Frequency-dependent selection (FDS) is an evolutionary regime that can maintain or reduce polymorphisms. Despite the increasing availability of polymorphism data, few effective methods are available for estimating the gradient of FDS from the observed fitness components. We modeled the effects of genotype similarity on individual fitness to develop a selection gradient analysis of FDS. This modeling enabled us to estimate FDS by regressing fitness components on the genotype similarity among individuals. We detected known negative FDS on the visible polymorphism in a wild <em>Arabidopsis</em> and damselfly by applying this analysis to single-locus data. Further, we simulated genome-wide polymorphisms and fitness components to modify the single-locus analysis as a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The simulation showed that negative or positive FDS could be distinguished through the estimated effects of genotype similarity on simulated fitness. Moreover, we conducted the GWAS of the reproductive branch number in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> and found that negative FDS was enriched among the top-associated polymorphisms of FDS. These results showed the potential applicability of the proposed method for FDS on both visible polymorphism and genome-wide polymorphisms. Overall, our study provides an effective method for selection gradient analysis to understand the maintenance or loss of polymorphism.</p>
Detecting frequency-dependent selection through the effects of genotype similarity on fitness components
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Data from: The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and post-copulatory fitness components
<p>In species with multiple mating, intense sexual selection may occur both before and after copulation. However, comparing the strength of pre- and postcopulatory selection is challenging, because i) postcopulatory processes are generally difficult to observe and ii) the often-used opportunity for selection (<i>I</i>) metric contains both deterministic and stochastic components. Here, we quantified pre- and postcopulatory male fitness components of the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm, <i>Macrostomum lignano</i>. We did this by tracking fluorescent sperm—using transgenics—through the transparent body of sperm recipients, enabling to observe postcopulatory processes <i>in vivo</i>. Moreover, we sequentially exposed focal worms to three independent mating groups, and in each assessed their mating success, sperm-transfer efficiency, sperm fertilising efficiency, and partner fecundity. Based on these multiple measures, we could, for each fitness component, combine the variance (<i>I</i>) with the repeatability (<i>R</i>) in individual success to assess the amount of repeatable variance in individual success—a measure we call the repeatable opportunity for selection (<i>I<sub>R</sub></i>). We found higher repeatable opportunity for selection in sperm-transfer efficiency and sperm fertilising efficiency compared to mating success, which clearly suggests that postcopulatory selection is stronger than precopulatory selection. Our study demonstrates that the opportunity for selection contains a repeatable deterministic component, which can be assessed and disentangled from the often large stochastic component, to provide a better estimate of the strength of selection.</p>
The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and postcopulatory fitness components
<p>Mating movies and sperm movies of the flatworm <em>Macrostomum lignano</em> supporting the article "The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and postcopulatory fitness components" published in Evolution Letters.</p>
Mating traits and fitness components in two breeding designs in Drosophila serrata
<p>Misalignment between male and female interests over mating creates inter-locus sexual conflict that is known to drive the coevolution of reproductive traits. Males and females also share the majority of their genome, which may cause these traits to genetically covary between the sexes and experience intra-locus sexual conflict where beneficial alleles in one sex are costly when expressed in the other. Traits expressed during mating may uniquely be subject to both intra- and interlocus sexual conflict. Here, we use a biologically repeated quantitative genetic experiment to test whether intra-locus sexual conflict is operating on mating latency, and copulation duration in the polyandrous fruit-fly Drosophila serrata. Mating latency and copulation duration were both heritable in males but not in females, and within sex and across-sex genetic correlations among the traits were all small. We found no significant genetic covariance between any measured mating behaviours and fitness components, nor between male and female fitness, suggesting that these traits are not under strong selection. Our study, therefore, finds little evidence of ongoing intra-locus sexual conflict over these traits. One explanation for our result is that these mating traits have historically been under strong selection, which has exhausted their genetic variation, making it difficult to detect selection in these populations. Keywords: mating latency, copulation duration, quantitative genetics, sexual conflict, Drosophila serrata, multivariate analyses, cuticula. </p>
Does perception of female cues modulate male short-term fitness components in Drosophila melanogaster?
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive behaviour can be a strong driver of individual fitness. In species with high intra-sexual competition, changes in socio-sexual context can trigger quick adaptive plastic responses in males. In particular, a recent study in the vinegar fly (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>) shows that males derive net fitness benefits from being shortly exposed to female cues ahead of access to mating (termed <em>sexual perception</em>), but the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we investigated the short-term effects of female perception on male pre- and post-copulatory components of reproductive performance: a) mating success, b) mating latency and duration, c) sperm competitiveness, and d) ejaculate effects on female receptivity and oviposition rate. We found that brief sexual perception increased mating duration, but had no effect on the main pre- or post-copulatory fitness proxies recorded. This may suggest that male fitness benefits from responses to sexual perception do not play out in the short-term, but we discuss alternative explanations and future avenues of research. </span></p>
Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
<p>Understanding how environmental change affects genetic variances and covariances of reproductive traits is key to formulate firm predictions on evolutionary responses. This is particularly true for sex-specific variance in reproductive success, which has been argued to affect how populations can adapt to environmental change. Our current knowledge on the impact of environmental stress on sex-specific genetic architecture of fitness components is still limited and restricted to separate-sexed organisms. However, hermaphroditism is widespread across animals and may entail interesting peculiarities with respect to genetic constraints imposed on the evolution of male and female reproduction. We explored how food restriction affects the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix of body size and reproductive success of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail <i>Physa acuta</i>. Our results provide strong evidence that the imposed environmental stress elevated the opportunity for selection in both sex functions. However, the G matrix remained largely stable across the tested food treatments. Importantly, our results provide no support for cross-sex genetic correlations suggesting no strong evolutionary coupling of male and female reproductive traits. We discuss potential implications for the adaptation to changing environments and highlight the need for more quantitative genetic studies on male and female fitness components in simultaneous hermaphrodites.</p>
Data from: Interactions between fitness components across the life cycle constrain competitor coexistence
<p><span>Numerous mechanisms can promote competitor coexistence. Yet, these mechanisms are often considered in isolation of one another. Consequently, whether multiple mechanisms shaping coexistence combine to promote or constrain species coexistence remains an open question. </span><span>Here, we aim to understand how multiple mechanisms interact within and between life stages to determine frequency-dependent population growth, which has a key role stabilizing local competitor coexistence. </span><span>We conducted field experiments in three lakes manipulating relative frequencies of two <em>Enallagma</em> damselfly species to evaluate demographic contributions of three mechanisms affecting different fitness components across the life cycle: the effect of resource competition on individual growth rate, predation shaping mortality rates, and mating harassment determining fecundity. We then used a demographic model that incorporates carry-over effects between life stages to decompose the relative effect of each fitness component generating frequency-dependent population growth. </span><span>This decomposition showed that fitness components combined to increase population growth rates for one species when rare, but they combined to decrease population growth rates for the other species when rare, leading to predicted exclusion in most lakes. </span>Because interactions between fitness components within and between life stages vary among populations, these results show that local coexistence is population specific. Moreover, we show that multiple mechanisms do not necessarily increase competitor coexistence, as they can also combine to yield exclusion. Identifying coexistence mechanisms in other systems will require greater focus on determining contributions of different fitness components across the life cycle shaping competitor coexistence in a way that captures the potential for population level variation.</p>
Mating traits and fitness components in two breeding designs in Drosophila serrata
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Data from: Interactions between fitness components across the life cycle constrain competitor coexistence
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Data from: The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and post-copulatory fitness components
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Does perception of female cues modulate male short-term fitness components in Drosophila melanogaster?
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Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
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Data from: Successful by chance? the power of mixed models and neutral simulations for the detection of individual fixed heterogeneity in fitness components
Heterogeneity in fitness components consists of fixed heterogeneity due to latent differences fixed throughout life (e.g. genetic variation), and dynamic heterogeneity generated by stochastic variation. Their relative magnitude is crucial for evolutionary processes, as only the former may allow for adaptation. However, the importance of fixed heterogeneity in small populations has recently been questioned. Using neutral simulations (NS), several studies failed to detect fixed heterogeneity, thus challenging previous results from mixed models (MM). To understand the causes of this discrepancy, we estimate the statistical power and false positive rate of both methods, and apply them to empirical data from a wild rodent population. While MM show high false positive rates if confounding factors are not accounted for, they have high statistical power to detect real fixed heterogeneity. In contrast, NS are also subject to high false positive rates, but have always low power. Indeed, MM analyses of the rodent population data show significant fixed heterogeneity in reproductive success, whereas NS analyses do not. We suggest that fixed heterogeneity may be more common than is suggested by NS, and that NS are useful only if more powerful methods are not applicable and if they are complemented by a power analysis.
Natural variation at a single gene generates sexual antagonism across fitness components in Drosophila
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Mutations with conflicting fitness effects in males and females accumulate in sexual populations, reducing their adaptive capa</span><span>city</span><span>. Although quantitative genetic studies indicate that sexually antagonistic polymorphisms are common</span><span>, their molecular basis and population genetic properties remain poorly understood</span><span>. Here, we show in fruit flies how natural variation at a single gene generates sexual antagonism through phenotypic effects on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) traits that function as both mate signals and protectors against abiotic stress</span><span></span><span> across a latitudinal gradient. Tropical populations of <em>Drosophila serrata </em><span>have </span>polymorphic CHCs producing sexual antagonism through opposing but sex-limited effects on these two fitness-related functions. We dissected this polymorphism to a single fatty-acyl CoA reductase gene, <em>DsFAR2-B</em>, that is expressed in oenocyte cells where CHCs are synthesised. RNAi mediated disruption of the <em>DsFAR2-B</em> ortholog in <em>D. melanogaster</em> oenocytes affected CHCs in a similar way to that seen in <em>D. serrata</em>. Population genomic analysis revealed that balancing selection likely operates at the <em>DsFAR2-B </em>locus in the wild. Our study provides insights into the genetic basis of sexual antagonism in nature and connects sexually varying antagonistic selection on phenotypes with balancing selection on genotypes that maintains molecular variation. </span></p>
Data from: Oxidative status and fitness components in the Seychelles warbler
Oxidative damage, caused by reactive oxygen species during aerobic respiration, is thought to be an important mediator of life-history trade-offs. To mitigate oxidative damage, antioxidant defence mechanisms are deployed, often at the cost of resource allocation to other body functions. Both reduced resource allocation to body functions and direct oxidative damage may decrease individual fitness, through reducing survival and/or reproductive output. The oxidative costs of reproduction have gained much attention recently, but few studies have investigated the long-term consequences of oxidative damage on survival and (future) reproductive output under natural conditions. Using a wild population of the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), we tested the prediction that high levels of reactive oxygen species, or high antioxidant investments to avoid oxidative damage, have fitness consequences because they reduce survival and/or reproductive output. We found that individuals with higher circulating non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity had a lower probability of surviving until the next year. However, neither current reproductive output, nor future reproductive output in the surviving individuals, was associated with circulating non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity or oxidative damage. The negative relationship between antioxidant capacity and survival that we observed concurs with the findings of an extensive comparative study on birds, however the mechanisms underlying this association remain to be resolved.
Data from: Integrating fitness components reveals that survival costs outweigh other benefits and costs of group living in two closely related species
Group living can be beneficial when individuals reproduce or survive better in the presence of others, but simultaneously there might be costs due to competition for resources. Positive and negative effects on various fitness components might thus counteract each other, so integration is essential to determine their overall effect. Here, we investigated how an integrated fitness measure (reproductive values; RV) based on six fitness components varied with group size among group members in cooperatively-breeding red-winged and superb fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans and M. cyaneus). Despite life historie differences between the species, patterns of RVs were similar, suggesting that the same behavioural mechanisms are important. Group living reduced RVs for dominant males, but for other group members this was only true in large groups. Decomposition analyses showed that our integrated fitness proxy was most strongly affected by group size effects on survival, which was amplified through carry-over effects between years. Our study shows that integrative consideration of fitness components and subsequent decomposition analysis provide much needed insights into the key behavioural mechanisms shaping the costs and benefits of group living. Such attribution is crucial if we are to synthesize the relative importance of the myriad group size costs and benefits currently reported in the literature.
Neuromuscular Training on Handball Players Selected Physical Fitness Components, Functional Movement and Handball Skills
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05658978. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Effect of a Wii Fit Intervention on Components of Fall Risk in Middle-aged Women
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01897467. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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