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124 results for “fitness cost”
Data from: Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks
<p>Many genes and signaling pathways within plant and animal taxa drive the expression of multiple organismal traits. This form of genetic pleiotropy instigates trade-offs among life-history traits if a mutation in the pleiotropic gene improves the fitness contribution of one trait at the expense of another. Whether or not pleiotropy gives rise to conflict among traits, however, likely depends on the resource costs and timing of trait deployment during organismal development. To investigate factors that could influence the evolutionary maintenance of pleiotropy in gene networks, we developed an agent-based model of co-evolution between parasites and hosts. Hosts comprise signaling networks that must faithfully complete a developmental program while also defending against parasites, and trait signaling networks could be independent or share a pleiotropic component as they evolved to improve host fitness. We found that hosts with independent developmental and immune networks were significantly more fit than hosts with pleiotropic networks when traits were deployed asynchronously during development. When host genotypes directly competed against each other, however, pleiotropic hosts were victorious regardless of trait synchrony because the pleiotropic networks were more robust to parasite manipulation, potentially explaining the abundance of pleiotropy in immune systems despite its contribution to life history trade-offs.</p>
Data from: Breeding phenology drives variation in reproductive output, reproductive costs and offspring fitness in a viviparous ectotherm
<p>Phenological advances are a widespread response to global warming and can contribute to determine the climate vulnerability of organisms, particularly in ectothermic species which are highly dependent on ambient temperatures to complete their life cycle. Yet, the relative contribution of breeding dates and temperature conditions during gestation on fitness of females and their offspring is poorly documented in reptiles. Here, we exposed females of the common lizard <em>Zootoca vivipara </em>to contrasting thermal scenarios (cold versus hot treatment) during gestation and quantified effects of parturition dates and thermal treatment on life-history traits of females and their offspring for one year. Overall, our results suggest that parturition date has a greater impact than thermal conditions during gestation on life history strategies. In particular, we found positive effects of an earlier parturition date on juvenile survival, growth and recruitment suggesting that environmental dependent selection and/or differences in parental quality between early and late breeders underlie seasonal changes in offspring fitness. Yet, an earlier parturition date compromised the energetic condition of gravid females, which suggests the existence of a mother-offspring conflict regarding the optimisation of parturition dates. While numerous studies focused on the direct effects of alterations in incubation temperatures on reptile life-history traits, our results highlight the importance of considering the role of breeding phenology in assessing the short- and long-term effects of thermal developmental plasticity.</p>
Fitness cost from fluctuating ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important environmental threat for organisms in aquatic systems, but its temporally variable nature makes the understanding of its effects ambiguous. The aim of our study was to assess potential fitness costs associated with fluctuating UVR in the aquatic zooplankter <i>Daphnia magna</i>. We investigated individual survival, reproduction and behaviour when exposed to different UVR treatments. Individuals exposed to fluctuating UVR, resembling natural variations in cloud cover, had the lowest fitness (measured as the number of offspring produced during their lifespan). In contrast, individuals exposed to the same, but constant UVR dose, had similar fitness as control individuals (not exposed to UVR), but they showed a significant reduction in daily movement. The re-occurring threat response to the fluctuating UVR treatment thus had strong fitness costs for <i>D. magna</i>, and we found no evidence for plastic behavioural responses when continually being exposed to UVR, despite the regular, predictable exposure schedule. In a broader context, our results imply that depending on how variable a stressor is in nature, populations may respond with alternative strategies, a framework that could promote rapid population differentiation and local adaptation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Multispecies coinfections and presence of antibiotics shape resistance and fitness costs in a pathogenic bacterium
<p>Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a challenge for treatment of bacterial diseases. In real life, bacterial infections are typically <span>embedded within complex multispecies communities and influenced by the environment, which can shape </span>costs and benefits of AMR. However, knowledge of such interactions and their implications for AMR <em>in vivo</em> is limited. <span>To address this knowledge gap, we investigated fitness-related traits of a pathogenic bacterium (</span><em>Flavobacterium</em> <em>columnare</em><span>)</span> <span>in its fish host, capturing the effects of bacterial antibiotic resistance, multispecies coinfections</span> <span>(metazoan fluke </span><span><em>Diplostomum</em> <em>pseudospathaceum</em></span><span>), and antibiotic exposure. </span>We quantified real-time replication and virulence of sensitive and resistant bacteria and demonstrate that both bacteria can benefit from coinfection in terms of persistence and replication, depending on the coinfecting partner and antibiotic presence. We also show that antibiotics can benefit resistant bacteria by increasing bacterial replication under coinfection with flukes. These results emphasize the importance of diverse, inter-kingdom coinfection interactions and antibiotic exposure in shaping costs and benefits of AMR, supporting their role as significant contributors to the spread and long-term persistence of resistance.</p>
Multispecies coinfections and presence of antibiotics shape resistance and fitness costs in a pathogenic bacterium
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Genetic variation in parasite avoidance, yet no evidence for constitutive fitness costs
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Data for: Constitutive expression of the Type VI secretion system carries no measurable fitness cost in Vibrio cholerae
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Data from: Fitness costs and benefits of a non-native floral resource for subalpine solitary bees
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Fitness cost from fluctuating ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna
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Data from: Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks
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Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The evolution of resistance to drugs and pesticides poses a major threat to human health and food security. Neonicotinoids are highly effective insecticides used to control agricultural pests. They target the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and mutations of the receptor that confer resistance have been slow to develop, with only one field-evolved mutation being reported to date. This is an arginine to threonine substitution at position 81 of the nAChR_β1 subunit in neonicotinoid resistant aphids. To validate the role of R81T in neonicotinoid resistance and to test whether it may confer any significant fitness costs to insects, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce an analogous mutation in the genome of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Flies carrying R81T showed an increased tolerance (resistance) to neonicotinoid insecticides, accompanied by a significant reduction in fitness. In comparison, flies carrying a deletion of the whole nAChR_α<em>6</em> subunit, the target-site of spinosyns, showed an increased tolerance to this class of insecticides but presented almost no fitness deficits.</p>
Experimental infection of bumble bees with honey bee associated viruses: no direct fitness costs but potential future threats to novel wild bee hosts
<p>Pathogen spill-over represents an important cause of biodiversity decline. For wild bee species such as bumble bees, many of which are in decline, correlational data point toward viral spill-over from naged honey bees as a potential cause. Yet impacts of honey bee viruses on wild bees are rarely evaluated. Here, in a series of highly controlled laboratory infection assays with well characterised viral inocula, we show that three viral types isolated from honey bees (<i>Deformed wing virus</i> genotype A, <i>Deformed wing virus</i> genotype B and <i>Black queen cell virus</i>) readily replicate within hosts of the bumble bee <i>Bombus terrestris</i>. Impacts of these honey bee-derived viruses – either injected or fed – on the mortality of <i>B. terrestris </i>workers were, however, negligible and likely dependent on host condition. Our results highlight the potential threat of viral spill-over from honey bees to novel wild bee species, though they also underscore the importance of additional studies on this and other non- bee species under field-realistic conditions to evaluate whether pathogen spill-over has a negative impact on wild bee individuals and population fitness.</p>
Fitness costs of parasites explain multiple life history tradeoffs in a wild mammal
Reproduction in wild animals can divert limited resources away from immune defence, resulting in increased parasite burdens. A longstanding prediction of life history theory states that these parasites can harm the individual, reducing the organism's subsequent fitness and producing reproduction-fitness tradeoffs. Here, we examined associations among reproductive allocation, immunity, parasitism, and subsequent fitness in a wild population of individually identified red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). Using path analysis, we investigated whether costs of lactation for downstream survival and fecundity were mediated by changes in strongyle nematode count and mucosal antibody levels. Lactating females exhibited increased parasite counts, which were in turn associated with substantially decreased fitness in the following year in terms of overwinter survival, fecundity, subsequent calf weight, and parturition date. This study offers observational evidence for parasite regulation of multiple life history tradeoffs, supporting the role of parasites as an important mediating factor in wild mammal populations.
Long-term research and hierarchical models reveal consistent fitness costs of being the last egg in a clutch
1. Maintenance of phenotypic heterogeneity in the face of strong selection is an important component of evolutionary ecology, as are the consequences of such heterogeneity. Organisms may experience diminishing returns of increased reproductive allocation as clutch or litter size increases, affecting current and residual reproductive success. Given existing uncertainty regarding trade-offs between the quantity and quality of offspring, we sought to examine the potential for diminishing returns on increased reproductive allocation in a long-lived species of goose, with a particular emphasis on the effect of position in the laying sequence on offspring quality. 2. To better understand the effects of maternal allocation on offspring survival and growth, we estimated the effects of egg size, timing of breeding, inter- and intra-annual variation, and position in the laying sequence on gosling survival and growth rates of black brent (Branta bernicla nigricans) breeding in western Alaska from 1987–2007. 3. We found that gosling growth rates and survival decreased with position in the laying sequence, regardless of clutch size. Mean egg volume of the clutch a gosling originated from had a positive effect on gosling survival (β = 0.095, 95% CRI: 0.024, 0.165), and gosling growth rates (β = 0.626, 95% CRI: 0.469, 0.738). Gosling survival (β = -0.146, 95% CRI: -0.214, -0.079) and growth rates (β = -1.286, 95% CRI: -1.435, -1.132) were negatively related to hatching date. 4. These findings indicate substantial heterogeneity in offspring quality associated with their position in the laying sequence. They also potentially suggest a trade-off mechanism for females whose total reproductive investment is governed by pre-breeding state. 20-Mar-2020
Data from: indirect costs of reproduction and the tradeoff between offspring size and number: a framework illustrated by fitness costs and benefits of ovarian fluid
<p>Theory describing evolution of offspring size often assumes that the production cost per unit volume is the same for small and large offspring. However, this may not be true if indirect costs of reproduction (e.g., material and energetic costs of supporting offspring development) scale disproportionately with offspring size. Here we show how direct and indirect costs of reproduction can be explicitly modeled within the Smith-Fretwell framework and how observations of size-number relationships can thus be used to evaluate indirect costs. We applied this analysis to measures of egg volume and fecundity for over 300 individuals of a coastal fish species and found that the tradeoff was much stronger than the expected inverse (fecundity scaled with volume<sup>-1.843</sup>). Larger offspring were thus more expensive to produce. For our study species, an important indirect cost was that larger eggs were accompanied by disproportionately more ovarian fluid. Calorimetry and removal experiments were used to further measure both the energetic costs and fitness benefits of ovarian fluid. In addition, we show that indirect costs of reproduction can intensify size-number tradeoffs in a variety of fishes. Indirect costs of reproduction can be large and may therefore play an important role in the evolution of offspring size.</p>
Fitness costs associated with a GABA receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in Aedes albopictus
<p><span>Understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance genes in mosquito populations is pivotal for a sustainable use of insecticides. Dieldrin resistance in <em>Aedes</em> <em>albopictus</em> is conferred by the alanine to serine substitution (A302S or <em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em> allele) in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor encoded by the <em>Rdl</em> gene. On Reunion Island, dieldrin resistance was initially reported in natural <em>Ae</em>. <em>albopictus</em> populations sampled in 2008 despite the ban of dieldrin since 1994. To monitor insecticide resistance in <em>Ae</em>. <em>albopictus</em> on the island and to identify its drivers, we measured (i) the frequency of resistance alleles in 19 distinct natural populations collected between 2016 and 2017, (ii) fitness costs associated with dieldrin resistance in laboratory-controlled experiments, and (iii) the resistance conferred by </span><span><em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em></span><span> to fipronil, an insecticide widely used on the island and reported to cross-react with </span><span><em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em></span><span>. The results show a persistence of </span><span><em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em></span><span> in <em>Ae</em>. <em>albopictus</em> natural populations at low frequencies. Among the measured life history traits, mortality in pre-imaginal stages, adults' survival as well as the proportion of egg-laying females were significantly affected in resistant mosquitoes. Finally, bioassays revealed resistance of </span><span><em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em></span><span> mosquitoes to fipronil, suggesting that the use of fipronil <em>in</em> <em>natura</em> could select for the </span><span><em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em></span><span> allele. This study shows that dieldrin resistance is persistent in natural mosquito populations likely as a result of combined effects between fitness costs associated with </span><span><em>Rdl<sup>R</sup></em></span><span> and selection exerted by cross-reacting environmental insecticides such as fipronil.</span></p>
Long-term data reveal fitness costs of anthropogenic prey depletion for a subordinate competitor, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus
<p>Within carnivore guilds, dominant competitors (e.g., lions, <em>Panthera leo</em>) are limited primarily by the density of prey, while subordinate competitors (e.g., African wild dogs, <em>Lycaon pictus</em>) have been limited by the density of dominant competitors. Historically, the fitness and population density of subordinate competitors have not been tightly linked to prey density. However, populations of large herbivores have declined substantially across sub-Saharan Africa due to human impacts, and where prey depletion is severe, fitness costs for competitive subordinates may begin to outweigh the benefits of competitive release. Using long-term intensive monitoring of African wild dogs in Zambia's Luangwa Valley Ecosystem (LVE), we tested the effects of prey depletion on survival and reproduction. Our study area included four contiguous regions that varied in protection, prey density, and lion density. We fit Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber and closed-capture models to estimate effects on survival and population density, and generalized linear models to estimate effects on reproductive success. We found that the LVE is a stronghold for wild dogs, with an estimated median density of 4.0 individuals/100 km<sup>2</sup>. Despite this high density, survival and reproduction differed among regions, and both components of fitness were substantially reduced in the region with the lowest prey density. Anthropogenic prey depletion is becoming an important limiting factor for African wild dogs. If prey depletion (or any other form of habitat degradation) becomes severe enough that its fitness costs outweigh the benefits of competitive release, such changes can fundamentally alter the balance between limiting factors for competitively subordinate species.</p>
Fig. 1 in Fitness cost in field Anopheles labranchiae populations associated with resistance to the insecticide deltamethrin
Fig. 1. Geographic origin of Tunisian populations of Anopheles labranchiae.
Data from: Differential host responses to parasitism shape divergent fitness costs of infection
Fitness costs of infection are fundamental to understanding the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions. However, these costs, and particularly their underlying mechanisms, are challenging to evaluate in wild populations. Here, we quantified total and species-specific costs of gastrointestinal worms on African buffalo, by combining the power of an anthelmintic treatment experiment that perturbed the entire worm community with a longitudinal study that tracked the two most dominant community members. Reducing all worms improved buffalo body condition, which was strongly associated with increases in survival and reproduction. Species-specific analyses revealed that condition-mediated fitness costs of infection differed between parasite species. Hosts that gained the blood-sucking worm Haemonchus, lost condition, and this loss may have been mediated by reductions in forage intake. Hosts that resisted Haemonchus by elevating IL-4 and eosinophil immune defences were able to reduce their parasite loads and gain back condition. Conversely, hosts that gained Cooperia, a less pathogenic worm, gained condition and had higher survival and reproductive success. Elevating immune defences had no effect on Cooperia abundance. Coupled with the positive relationship observed between Cooperia and host condition, our data suggest that hosts might benefit from tolerating Cooperia rather than incurring the costs of resistance. Overall, our study reveals that differential host responses to parasites play a key role in mediating the costs of infection.
Fitness costs for fig wasps that fail to pollinate their host Ficus perforata
<p>Dataset for the publication "Fitness costs for fig wasps that fail to pollinate their host Ficus perforata", Symbiosis (2021) 84:171-178; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00781-5.</p>
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