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Adelie penguin chick fledging weights, 1991-2024
The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, gentoo penguin populations have increased dramatically and chinstrap penguin populations have remained relatively stable. These trends are spatially and temporally coherent with regional warming and decreasing sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred, with each island containing a different number of spatially segregated sub-colonies. These colonies are censused to determine the total number of nests and chicks produced each year, and breeding success. Diet samples are acquired to understand diet composition (e.g., krill, fish) and krill length-frequencies. In general, krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, but changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends and thus far, have failed to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. Chick fledging masses are recorded as a cumulative measure of climate, weather, diet, and parental influences on chick health at the end of the breeding season. These data have provided valuable insights into the marine and terrestrial factors that influence Adélie penguin population fitness. No data were collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station pier rebuild.
Fledging of Leach's Storm-Petrel chicks from Gull Island
<p>We used passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to track the exact time and date that Leach's Storm-Petrel (<em>Hydrobates leucorhous</em>) chicks fledged from their burrow. The data included here are the last read for each of 123 chicks tracked in 2017, 2018, 2021, and 2022 on Gull Island, Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We also include morphometric measurements of each chick that was banded and tagged for this study.</p>
Figure 5 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 5. Food provisioning to fledglings of the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas: (A) fledgling (front) swallowing a fruit delivered by the adult; (B) the fledgling (right) receives a piece of an arthropod.
Figure 2 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 2. Food provisioning rate (events per fledgling per hour) in the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas in relation to fledgling age expressed as days from fledging.
Figure 1 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 1. Total number of food provisioning events to fledglings of the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas by each parental sex. Grouped bars refer to fledglings from the same family group (1 to 8) and reflect clutch size, with exception of families 5 and 6 (two fledglings each, one of them non assessed during focal observations). Families 1 and 6 to 8 were assigned as biparental care; in family 7, biparental care was assigned because the male was observed feeding one non focal nestling.
Figure 4 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 4. Age-related variation in the frequency of foraging and vocalization behaviors in fledglings of Turdus leucomelas. The curve in the panel A represents a significant logistic relationship between the variables, and its 95% confidence interval denoted by the shaded area. Bars in both panels represent the relative frequency of the behaviors followed by the number of scans (below bars) within 1-day age intervals (n = 787 in total), with fledgling age corresponding to the number of days after fledging.
Figure 3 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 3. Food provisioning rate (events per fledgling per hour) in the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas. A) effect of brood size and mode of parental care division (uniparental/biparental), and B) by females and males in family groups with biparental food provisioning. Points in B represent the values comprised in the boxplots, in which the box delimit interquartile ranges, the vertical lines indicate minimum and maximum and the horizontal line denotes medians.
Figure 6 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 6. Relative frequency of food items delivered to Turdus leucomelas fledglings in relation to their age (days after fledging). Sample sizes are indicated above bars. "Other" refers to food items like dog food and pieces of bread.
The delayed effect of climatic conditions on pre-fledging nestling haematocrit in a suboscine species in Patagonia
<p>Haematocrit, the proportion of blood comprising erythrocytes, is often used as a proxy of individual condition. Nestling haematocrit is influenced by several factors, but ambient temperature is generally agreed as a key driver. It is unclear which day(s) in embryonic or nestling development are most influential in determining pre-fledgling haematocrit. This is important, because if we are able to identify what day(s) nestlings are physiologically most vulnerable to climatic conditions, this may inform future conservation management and help mitigate the effects. We investigated the effect of ambient temperature, precipitation, body size, brood size, age, food abundance and habitat on nestling haematocrit in <em>Aphrastura</em> <em>spinicauda</em> (thorn-tailed Rayaditos). We collected this data from two climatically different locations in Chile: Northern Patagonia (Pucón) and Sub-Antarctic Patagonia (Navarino Island), located ~1800 km further south. We aimed to identify the key drivers of nestling haematocrit and find when nestlings are physiologically most vulnerable to climatic conditions. We confirm that ambient temperature is the key driver of nestling haematocrit, with increasing ambient temperatures nestling haematocrit decreased. However, precipitation also affected haematocrit in the late incubation stage. At low and high precipitation, nestling haematocrit was low and is optimal in light rainfall. Our results show a delayed effect of ambient temperature and precipitation in late incubation and on the day of hatching which can determine pre-fledgling haematocrit, which may cause lower post-fledgling fitness. We found that climatic conditions on the day haematocrit was collected were not important in determining haematocrit. We found that haematocrit was higher in the sub-Antarctic area and that higher temperatures and precipitation on the day of hatching will result in lower nestling haematocrit and poorer pre-fledgling condition. As atmospheric temperatures rise, nestling fitness is at risk. This is a threat to many bird species, especially those in locations vulnerable to climate breakdown.</p>
Data for: Early life conditions influence fledging success and subsequent local recruitment rates in a declining migratory songbird, the Whinchat Saxicola rubetra
<ol> <li>Life history traits and environmental conditions influence reproductive success in animals, and consequences of these can influence subsequent survival and recruitment into breeding populations. Understanding influences on demographic rates is required to determine the causes of decline. Migratory species experience spatially and temporally variable conditions across their annual cycle, making identifying where the factors influencing demographic rates operate challenging.</li> <li>Here, we use the Whinchat <em>Saxicola</em> <em>rubetra</em> as a model declining long-distance migrant bird. We analyse 10 years of data from 247 nesting attempts and 2519 post-fledging observations of 1193 uniquely marked nestlings to examine the influence of life history traits, habitat characteristics and weather on survival of young from the nestling stage to local recruitment into the natal population.</li> <li>We detected potential silver spoon effects where conditions during the breeding stage influence subsequent apparent local recruitment rates, with higher recruitment for fledglings from larger broods, and recruitment rate negatively related to rainfall that chicks experienced in-nest. Additionally, extreme temperatures experienced pre- and post-fledging increased fledging success and recruitment rate. However, we could not determine whether this was driven by temperature influencing mortality during the post-fledging period or later in the annual cycle.</li> <li>Brood size declined with hatching date. In-nest survival increased with brood size and was highest at local temperature extremes. Furthermore, nest survival was highest at nests surrounded with 40–60% vegetation cover of Bracken <em>Pteridium</em> <em>aquilinum</em> within 50m of the nest.</li> <li>Our results show that breeding phenology and environmental factors may influence fledging success and recruitment in songbird populations, with conditions experienced during the nestling stage influencing local recruitment rates in Whinchats (i.e. silver spoon effect). Recruitment rates are key drivers of songbird population dynamics. Our results help identify some of the likely breeding season mechanisms that could be important population drivers.</li> </ol>
Fledging of Leach's Storm-Petrel chicks from Gull Island
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Data from: Environmental conditions and individual characteristics influence movement patterns of juvenile Passerculus sandwichensis (Savannah sparrow) throughout the post-fledging period
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The delayed effect of climatic conditions on pre-fledging nestling haematocrit in a suboscine species in Patagonia
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Data for: Early life conditions influence fledging success and subsequent local recruitment rates in a declining migratory songbird, the Whinchat Saxicola rubetra
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Physiological maturity at a critical life‐history transition and flight ability at fledging
Developmental maturity (e.g. body condition, body mass) at major life-history transitions is known to affect fitness across a wide range of taxa. Fledging (leaving the nest), a major life-history transition in birds, is associated with high post-fledging mortality and is widely assumed to be related to poor initial flight ability of fledglings, which, in turn, might be related to developmental maturity at fledging. We investigated individual variation in developmental maturity of both somatic and physiological traits at this critical life-history transition in different ecological contexts (year, first or second broods) to determine the importance of physiological traits related to oxygen-carrying capacity (haematocrit, haemoglobin) for individual variation in initial flight ability at fledging. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit at fledging had much higher variance than somatic traits and were more variable across ecological contexts. Furthermore, fledgling haemoglobin concentration was the least developmentally mature of all traits (on average, only 78% of adult concentration). Fledglings from second broods, which are known to have lower post-fledging survival, were less developmentally mature than fledglings from first broods for all traits (except tarsus), with haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration being the most developmentally immature traits (in first vs. second broods, haematocrit: 47·1% vs. 40·9%; haemoglobin: 13·3 vs. 11·6 g dL−1). Models predicting individual variation in two aspects of initial flight ability (total energy gain, take-off angle) were significantly improved when physiological traits (in particular haemoglobin) were incorporated into models based on somatic traits.
Data from: Fledging mass is color morph specific and affects local recruitment in a wild bird
Early life conditions may have long-lasting effects on life history. In color polymorphic species, morph-specific sensitivity to environmental conditions may lead to differential fitness. In tawny owl (Strix aluco) pheomelanin-based color polymorphism is expected to be maintained because the brown morph has higher adult fitness in warmer environments, while selection favors the grey morph under colder conditions. Here we investigate body mass at fledging and its consequences until adulthood in a population at the species' cold range margin. Using 40 years of data (1979-2017), we show that brown pairs, which mainly produce brown offspring consistent with a one-locus-two-alleles inheritance model, consistently raised heavier offspring than mixed pairs (grey-brown) and grey pairs. Offspring mass declined seasonally, except among offspring raised by brown pairs. Brown offspring could be heavier due to morph-specific parental care and/or offspring growth. Furthermore, mass at fledging is associated with fitness: the probability of local recruitment into the breeding population increased with higher mass at fledging, especially in mild winters and favorable food conditions, although recruitment is not morph-specific. Fledgling mass thus provides a fitness benefit in terms of recruitment probability that is modulated by environmental factors, which appear to level off any direct morph-specific recruitment benefits.
Data from: Age and performance at fledging is a cause and consequence of juvenile mortality between life stages
Should they stay or should they leave? The age at which young transition between life stages, such as living in a nest versus leaving it, differs among species and the reasons why are unclear. We show that offspring of songbird species that leave the nest at a younger age have less-developed wings that cause poorer flight performance and greater mortality after fledging. Experimentally delayed fledging verified that older age and better developed wings provide benefits of reduced juvenile mortality. Young are differentially constrained in the age that they can stay in the nest and enjoy these fitness benefits because of differences among species in opposing predation costs while in the nest. This tension between mortality in versus outside of the nest influences offspring traits and performance and creates an unrecognized conflict between parents and offspring that determines the optimal age to fledge.
From individual to population level: Temperature and snow cover modulate fledging success through breeding phenology in Greylag geese (Anser anser)
<p>Local weather conditions may be used as environmental cues by animals to optimize their breeding behaviour, and could be affected by climate change. We measured associations between climate, breeding phenology, and reproductive output in greylag geese (<i>Anser anser</i>) across 29 years (1990-2018). The birds are individually marked, which allows accurate long-term monitoring of life-history parameters for all pairs within the flock. We had three aims: (1) identify climate patterns at a local scale in Upper Austria, (2) measure the association between climate and greylag goose breeding phenology, and (3) measure the relationship between climate and both clutch size and fledging success. Ambient temperature increased 2°C across the 29-years study period, and higher winter temperature was associated with earlier onset of egg-laying. Using the hatch-fledge ratio, average annual temperature was the strongest predictor for the proportion of fledged goslings per season. There is evidence for an optimum time window for egg-laying (the earliest and latest eggs laid had the lowest fledging success). These findings broaden our understanding of environmental effects and population-level shifts which could be associated with increased ambient temperature and can thus inform future research about the ecological consequences of climate changes and reproductive output in avian systems.</p>
Data for: General cognitive performance declines with female age and is negatively related to fledging success in a wild bird
<p class="Affiliation"><span>Identifying the causes and fitness consequences of intraspecific variation in cognitive performance is fundamental to understand how cognition evolves. Selection may act on different cognitive traits separately or jointly as part of the general cognitive performance of the individual. To date, few studies have examined simultaneously whether individual cognitive performance covaries across different cognitive tasks, the relative importance of individual and social attributes in determining cognitive variation, and its fitness consequences in the wild. Here, we tested 38 wild southern pied babblers (</span><em><span>Turdoides bicolor</span></em><span>) on a cognitive test battery targeting associative learning, reversal learning and inhibitory control. We found that a single factor explained 59.5% of the variation in individual cognitive performance across tasks, suggestive of a general cognitive factor. General cognitive performance varied by age and sex; declining with age in females but not males. Older females also tended to produce a higher average number of fledglings per year compared to younger females. Analysing over 10 years of breeding data, we found that individuals with lower general cognitive performance produced more fledglings per year. Collectively, our findings support the existence of a trade-off between cognitive performance and reproductive success in a wild bird. </span></p>
Data from: Fledging mass is color morph specific and affects local recruitment in a wild bird
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