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20 results for “flight ability”
Figure 1 in Effect of Pupal Holding Density on Emergence Rate, Flight Ability, and Yield of Sterile Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Figure 1. Emergence rate (top) and flight ability (bottom) for Hawaii- and Guatemaladerived flies when held at loadings of 250, 350, or 450 ml per eclosion tower tray. Bar heights represent mean values over all trays for a given density (15 dates X 6 trays per loading amount per date = 90 trays total), and error bars represent 1 SE.
Figure 2 in Effect of Pupal Holding Density on Emergence Rate, Flight Ability, and Yield of Sterile Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Figure 2. Estimated numbers of fliers produced per tower (top) and ratios of number of fliers produced to number of pupae placed per tower (bottom) in relation to the pupal loading level per constituent tray. Hawaii-derived flies were used exclusively; towers contained 52 trays. Symbols represent means over 33 towers per loading level (3 towers per test day x 11 test days); error bars represent ± 1 SE.
Fig. 2 in Flight ability and dispersal of European grapevine moth gamma-irradiated males (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the vineyard and the pheromone traps positions at the experimental plot where the marked male moths were released.
Fig 1 in Flight ability and dispersal of European grapevine moth gamma-irradiated males (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Fig 1. Schematic representation of the flight assessment cage used to measure the flight responses of Lobesia botrana males to calling females. In the female compartment, 2-day-old virgin females were confined inside a small cylindrical plastic mesh box with a 5% sucrose-wetted wick. Males irradiated either with 150 Gy or with 350 Gy and untreated males differentially marked with variously colored fluorescent powders were introduced into the male compartment. The number of males of each of the 3 kinds that flew through the open slit at the 45 cm height [the 2 lower openings (slits) were sealed] into the female compartment were recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Air was drawn into the female compartment and exhausted from the male compartment.
Fig. 2 in Influence of gamma-irradiation on flight ability and dispersal of Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Fig. 2. Numbers of adult Conopomorpha sinensis males recaptured in traps deployed at various distances (m) from the release point in 2 release/recapture experiments in a litchi orchard of the South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. The males were either non-irradiated or irradiated either with 150 or 200 Gy. A: First release, B: Second release.
Fig. 1 in Influence of gamma-irradiation on flight ability and dispersal of Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Fig. 1. Survival (days) of non-irradiated Conopomorpha sinensis males either dyed with 1 of 3 different fluorescent colors or undyed (control) in the laboratory. Each treatment involved 30 males.
Fig. 3 in Influence of gamma-irradiation on flight ability and dispersal of Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Fig. 3. Frequency distributions of the dispersal directions of adult Conopomorpha sinensis males in 2 release/recapture experiments in a litchi orchard of the South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. The males were either non-irradiated or irradiated either with 150 or 200 Gy. A: First release, B: Second release.
Physiological maturity at a critical life‐history transition and flight ability at fledging
Developmental maturity (e.g. body condition, body mass) at major life-history transitions is known to affect fitness across a wide range of taxa. Fledging (leaving the nest), a major life-history transition in birds, is associated with high post-fledging mortality and is widely assumed to be related to poor initial flight ability of fledglings, which, in turn, might be related to developmental maturity at fledging. We investigated individual variation in developmental maturity of both somatic and physiological traits at this critical life-history transition in different ecological contexts (year, first or second broods) to determine the importance of physiological traits related to oxygen-carrying capacity (haematocrit, haemoglobin) for individual variation in initial flight ability at fledging. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit at fledging had much higher variance than somatic traits and were more variable across ecological contexts. Furthermore, fledgling haemoglobin concentration was the least developmentally mature of all traits (on average, only 78% of adult concentration). Fledglings from second broods, which are known to have lower post-fledging survival, were less developmentally mature than fledglings from first broods for all traits (except tarsus), with haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration being the most developmentally immature traits (in first vs. second broods, haematocrit: 47·1% vs. 40·9%; haemoglobin: 13·3 vs. 11·6 g dL−1). Models predicting individual variation in two aspects of initial flight ability (total energy gain, take-off angle) were significantly improved when physiological traits (in particular haemoglobin) were incorporated into models based on somatic traits.
Has long-distance flight ability been maintained by pigeons in highly insular habitats?
<p>Aim: A reduction in dispersal ability has been thought to be a general trend for island land birds because of their physical isolation to a limited area, scarcity of predators, and ability to forage without flight in island habitats. However, recent studies have indicated that long-distance dispersal among island habitats may be maintained in island pigeon populations, which may be related to unstable food resource availability on a single island. Here, we investigated whether pigeons could maintain their long-distance dispersal ability to move among islands within the archipelago, even in highly insular conditions, by comparing two subspecies of Japanese wood pigeon (<em>Columba</em> <em>janthina</em>) distributed on islands with different levels of insularity.</p> <p>Location: The Ogasawara, Izu and Nansei Islands in the north-western Pacific Ocean</p> <p>Taxon: Japanese wood pigeon (<em>Columba janthina</em>)</p> <p>Methods: We compared morphological traits related to dispersal potential between the two subspecies: <em>C. j. janthina</em> and <em>C. j. nitens</em>. We performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses based on genomic markers to indirectly assess dispersal ability via the rate of gene flow and determine how long <em>C. j.nitens</em> in a more insular habitat have been isolated for a long time.</p> <p>Results: <em>C. j. nitens</em> had a wing shape that was better suited for long-distance flight than that of <em>C. j. janthina</em>. Both subspecies maintained sufficient gene flow among the islands within their habitat archipelagos, with no evidence of isolation by distance. The divergence time of the two subspecies was 0.67 million years ago, which was sufficient to reduce dispersiveness compared to other cases of island land birds. </p> <p>Main conclusion: We showed that long-distance flight can be maintained under highly insular conditions despite long-term isolation from the ancestral populations. This indicates that the strategy of maintaining dispersal ability may also be possible in island systems, where organisms have repeatedly and globally shown reduced dispersal ability. Although further studies are required to reveal its evolutionary processes, our study provides an exceptional case for island birds' biogeography.</p>
The effect of flight efficiency on gap‐crossing ability in Amazonian forest birds
<p>We used this dataset to examine the role of flight efficiency on gap-crossing ability in Amazonian forest birds. We used data from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Projects on recaptures of banded birds in an Amazonian forest bisected by a road. For a total of 45 species, we estimated flight efficiency using the hand-wing index (a proxy for the wing's aspect ratio) and used it as a predictor of the probability of road crossing in phylogenetic binomial regression models. We found that flight efficiency was a strong predictor of road-crossing probability: species with high hand-wing indices crossed the road more frequently than those with low hand-wing indices. In contrast, other characteristics such as body mass, diet, flocking behavior, and foraging stratum did not show significant associations with road crossing probability. Our results suggest that proxies of flight efficiency such as the hand-wing index can be powerful tools for predicting the vulnerability of bird species to forest fragmentation.</p>
Physiological maturity at a critical life‐history transition and flight ability at fledging
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Has long-distance flight ability been maintained by pigeons in highly insular habitats?
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The effect of flight efficiency on gap‐crossing ability in Amazonian forest birds
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Data from: The effects of dietary macronutrients on flight ability, energetics, and fuel metabolism of yellow-rumped warblers Setophaga coronata
The catabolism of protein from organs and muscles during migratory flight is necessary to produce glucose, key metabolic intermediates, and water, but may have negative effects on flight range and refueling at stopovers. We tested the hypothesis, suggested by previous studies, that birds that eat high-protein insect diets use more protein for fuel in flight than those that eat high-carbohydrate fruits. First, we fed migratory yellow-rumped warblers synthetic fruit or mixed insect/fruit diets, and measured metabolic rates and fuel mixture under basal conditions and during exercise in a hop/hover wheel respirometer. Birds eating the fruit diet had greater plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, and the higher protein mixed diet increased plasma uric acid only during feeding. Diet did not affect metabolic rates or the fuel mixture under resting or exercise conditions. We then fed yellow-rumped warblers synthetic diets that differed only in the relative proportion of carbohydrate and protein (60:15 versus 15:60 as % dry mass) and tested them in wind tunnel flights lasting up to six hours. Birds fed the high carbohydrate diet became heavier and fatter than when fed the high protein diet. Plasma uric acid concentration was increased and plasma phospholipid concentration was decreased by the high protein diet in the pre-flight state (after a 3 h fast), but diet only affected plasma phospholipids during flight (lower in high protein birds). Neither diet nor amount of body fat affected the rate of loss of lean mass or fat during flight. Inter-individual or seasonal differences in diet do not appear to influence the amount of protein catabolized during endurance flight. However, birds fed the high carbohydrate diet had greater voluntary flight duration, independent of body fatness, suggesting that there may be other performance benefits of high carbohydrate diets for migratory birds.
Fig. 2 in Flight Ability In Nocturnal Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) From Central Amazonian Floodplains (Brazil)
Fig. 2. Relative abundance of beetles with and without flight muscles in Phaeoaxantha klugii collected at different localities (see text). + = differences between females and males significant (Fisher's exact test, α <0.05). Pairwise differences between localities significant in both sexes (Fisher's exact tests, Bonferronicorrected, α <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Flight Ability In Nocturnal Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) From Central Amazonian Floodplains (Brazil)
Fig. 1. Relative abundance of beetles with and without flight muscles in Phaeoxantha and Tetracha species in the Manaus region (N = absolute number of beetles). Flight muscle frequency differed significantly between (1) males and females in P. klugii (pooled for all microhabitats; see Fig. 2); (2) in the two populations of P. limata; (fp) = blackwater floodplain, (tf) = terra firme uplands. The two subspecies of P. aequinoctialis did not differ significantly in flight muscle frequency. Fisher's exact test, α <0.05.
Data from: The effects of dietary macronutrients on flight ability, energetics, and fuel metabolism of yellow-rumped warblers Setophaga coronata
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Data from: Dispersal propensity, but not flight performance, explains variation in dispersal ability
Enhanced dispersal ability may lead to accelerated range expansion and increased rates of population establishment, thereby affecting population genetic structure and evolutionary potential. Morphological, behavioural and physiological traits that characterize dispersive individuals from residents are poorly understood for many invertebrate systems, especially in non-polymorphic pterygote species. Here we examined phenotypic differences between dispersal-prone and philopatric individuals from repeated mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiments using an invasive agricultural pest, Ceratitis capitata. Comprehensive morphometric assessment and subsequent minimal adequate modelling using an information theoretic approach identified thorax mass : body mass ratio as a key predictor of disperser flies under semi-natural conditions. Performance differences in flight ability were then examined under controlled laboratory conditions to assess whether greater thorax mass : body mass ratio was associated with enhanced flight ability. The larger thorax : body mass ratio was associated with measurable differences in mean flight duration, most predominantly in males, and also by their willingness to disperse, scored as the number and duration of voluntary flights. No other measures of whole-animal flight performance (e.g. mean and peak vertical force, total or maximum flight duration) differed. Variation in voluntary behaviour may result in significant alterations of movement behaviour and realized dispersal in nature. This phenomenon may help explain intraspecific variation in the dispersal ability of insects.
Data from: Nocturnal hypothermia impairs flight ability in birds: a cost of being cool
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Data from: Dispersal propensity, but not flight performance, explains variation in dispersal ability
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