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25 results for “floral associations”
Transcriptomic analysis of deceptively pollinated Arum maculatum (Araceae) reveals association between terpene synthase expression in floral trap chamber and species-specific pollinator attraction
<p>A compressed folder containing the R script and input files required to replicate the results in our manuscript entitled "Transcriptomic analysis of deceptively pollinated <em>Arum maculatum</em> (Araceae) reveals association between terpene synthase expression in floral trap chamber and species-specific pollinator attraction".</p> <p>Note: Raw Illumina sequencing files associated with this study have been uploaded to NCBI SRA, under the BioProject accession PRJNA856436.</p> <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p>Deceptive pollination often involves volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions that mislead insects into performing non-rewarding pollination. Among deceptively pollinated plants, <em>Arum maculatum</em> is particularly well-known for its potent dung-like VOC emissions and specialized floral chamber, which traps pollinators – mainly <em>Psychoda phalaenoides</em>and <em>P. grisescens</em> – overnight. However, little is known about the genes underlying the production of many <em>A. maculatum</em>VOCs, and their influence on variation in pollinator attraction rates. Therefore, we performed <em>de novo</em> transcriptome sequencing of <em>A. maculatum</em> appendix and male floret tissue collected during- and post-anthesis, from ten natural populations across Europe. These RNA-seq data were paired with GC-MS analyses of floral scent composition and pollinator data collected from the same inflorescences. Differential expression analyses revealed candidate transcripts in appendix tissue linked to malodourous VOCs including indole, <em>p</em>-cresol, and 2-heptanone. Additionally, we found that terpene synthase expression in male floret tissue during anthesis significantly covaried with sex- and species-specific attraction of <em>Psychoda phalaenoides</em> and <em>P.</em> <em>grisescens</em>. Taken together, our results provide the first insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pollinator attraction patterns in <em>A. maculatum</em>, and highlight floral chamber sesquiterpene (<em>e.g.</em>bicyclogermacrene) synthases as interesting candidate genes for further study.</p>
Text-fig. 43. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy SRXTM images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the apical projection of the carpels and the semiinferior organization; b) Apical view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the triangular shape of the hypanthial rim, the tricarpellate ovary with a single apical style; note that one locule is fully developed while the other two are collapsed; note also slits of unknown nature in the corners of the triangular hypanthial rim (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0712) close to the floral apex showing the locule of the one fully developed carpel with ovules borne along ventral placentae; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; d) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0858) through the locule of the one fully developed carpel showing the semi-inferior organization and ovules arranged along the full length of the carpel; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; e) Tangential longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1019) through the one fully developed locule, showing the densely packed ovules and the amorphous substance (asterisk) with which they are associated. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174901 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 43. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy SRXTM images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the apical projection of the carpels and the semiinferior organization; b) Apical view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the triangular shape of the hypanthial rim, the tricarpellate ovary with a single apical style; note that one locule is fully developed while the other two are collapsed; note also slits of unknown nature in the corners of the triangular hypanthial rim (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0712) close to the floral apex showing the locule of the one fully developed carpel with ovules borne along ventral placentae; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; d) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0858) through the locule of the one fully developed carpel showing the semi-inferior organization and ovules arranged along the full length of the carpel; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; e) Tangential longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1019) through the one fully developed locule, showing the densely packed ovules and the amorphous substance (asterisk) with which they are associated. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174901 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e).
Data and reproducible analysis files from: Latitudinal clines in floral display associated with adaptive evolution during a biological invasion
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Data associated with manuscript: "Foliar flavonoids across an elevation gradient: plasticity in response to UV, and links with floral pigmentation patterning"
<p>There are two datasets provided in this excel file. The data are flavonoid abundances of Argentina anserina [=Potentilla anserina] exposed to two levels of ultraviolet light in a greenhouse. The "leaf only data" tab has the combined foliar abundances of the major classes of flavonoids detected: chalcone, flavonone, flavone, flavonol, flavon-3-ol, and proanthocyanidin. This dataset was used to analyze the effect of UV treatment and elevation on flavonoid production in leaves. The "leaf and petal matching cmpnds" is the abundance of the major flavonoid classes in leaves and petals for only the compounds that were detected in both tissue types. This dataset was used for all analyses that related leaf flavonoids with petal flavonoids and petal UV pigmentation. </p>
Data from: Disease where you dine: plant species and floral traits associated with pathogen transmission in bumble bees
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Data from: Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory
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Data associated with "Floral pigmentation has responded rapidly to global change in ozone and temperature"
<p>Across kingdoms, organisms ameliorate UV stress by increasing UV-absorbing pigmentation. Rapid ozone degradation during the 20<sup>th</sup> century resulted in elevated UV incidence, yet pigmentation responses to this aspect of global change have yet to be demonstrated. In flowering plants, UV exposure favors larger areas of UV-absorbing pigmentation on petals, which protects pollen from UV-damage. Pigmentation also affects floral thermoregulation, suggesting climate warming may additionally impact pigmentation. We used 1238 herbarium specimens collected from 1941 to 2017 to test whether change in UV floral pigmentation was associated with altered ozone and temperature in 42 species spanning three continents. We tested three predictions: First, UV-absorbing pigmentation will increase temporally and be correlated with reduced ozone (higher UV) when accounting for effects of temperature; second, taxa that experienced larger ozone declines will display larger increases in pigmentation; and third, taxa with anthers exposed to ambient UV will respond more strongly than those with anthers protected by petals. Globally, the extent of petal UV pigmentation increased significantly across taxa by ~2% per year. However, temporal change was species specific—increasing in some taxa but declining in others. Species with exposed anthers experiencing larger declines in ozone displayed more dramatic pigmentation increases. For taxa with anthers enclosed within petals, pigmentation declined with increases in temperature, supporting a thermoregulatory role of UV pigmentation. Results document a rapid phenotypic response of floral pigmentation to anthropogenic climatic change, suggesting that global change may alter pollination through its impact on floral color, with repercussions for plant reproductive fitness.</p>
Genetic mechanisms associated with floral initiation and the repressive effect of fruit on flowering in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh)
<p>Many apple cultivars are subject to biennial fluctuations in flowering and fruiting. It is believed that this phenomenon is caused by a repressive effect of developing fruit on the initiation of flowers in the apex of proximal bourse shoots. However, the genetic pathways of floral initiation are incompletely described in apple, and the biological nature of floral repession by fruit is currently unknown. In this study, we characterize the transcriptional landscape of bourse shoot apices in the biennial cultivar, 'Honeycrisp', during the period of floral initiation, in trees bearing a high fruit load and in trees without fruit. Trees with high fruit load produced almost exclusively vegetative growth in the subsequent year, whereas the trees without fruit produced flowers on the majority of the potential flowering nodes. Using RNA-based sequence data, we documented gene expression at high resolution, identifying >11,000 transcripts that had not been previously annotated, and characterized expression profiles associated with vegetative growth and flowering. We also conducted a census of genes related to known flowering genes, organized the phylogenetic and syntenic relationships of these genes, and compared expression among homologs. Several genes closely related to <em>AP1, FT, FUL, LFY, </em>and <em>SPLS </em>were more strongly expressed in apices from non-bearing, floral-determined trees, consistent with their presumed floral-promotive roles. In contast, a homolog of <em>TFL1 </em>exhibited strong and persistent up-regulation only in apices from bearing, vegetative-determined trees, suggesting a roles in floral repression. Additionally, we identified four <em>GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA) 2 OXIDASE </em>genes that were expressed to relatively high levels in apices from bearing trees. These results define the flowering-related transcriptional landscape in apple, and strongly support previous studies implicating both gibberellins and <em>TFL1 </em>as key components in repression of flowering by fruit. </p>
Supporting Data for: Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae)
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Plant volatiles play an important role in both plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions. Intraspecific polymorphisms in volatile production are ubiquitous, but studies that explore underlying differential gene expression are rare. Oenothera harringtonii populations are polymorphic in floral emission of the monoterpene (R)-(-)-linalool; some plants emit (R)-(-)-linalool (linalool+ plants) while others do not (linalool- plants). However, the genes associated with differential production of this floral volatile in Oenothera are unknown. We used RNA-Seq to broadly characterize differential gene expression involved in (R)-(-)-linalool biosynthesis. To identify genes that may be associated with the polymorphism for this trait, we used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression in six different Oenothera harringtonii tissues from each of three linalool+ and linalool- plants.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Three clusters of differentially expressed genes were enriched for terpene synthase activity: two were characterized by tissue-specific upregulation and one by upregulation only in plants with flowers that produce (R)-(-)-linalool. A molecular phylogeny of all terpene synthases identified two putative (R)-(-)-linalool synthase transcripts in Oenothera harringtonii, a single allele of which is found exclusively in linalool+ plants.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> By using a naturally occurring polymorphism and comparing different tissues, we were able to identify genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of (R)-(-)-linalool. Expression of these genes in linalool- plants suggests a regulatory polymorphism, rather than a population-specific loss-of-function allele. Additional terpene biosynthesis-related genes that are up-regulated in plants that emit (R)-(-)-linalool may be associated with herbivore defense, suggesting a potential economy of scale between plant reproduction and defense.</p>
Global gradients in intraspecific variation in vegetative and floral traits are partially associated with climate and species richness
<p><span><b>Aim</b></span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span>Intraspecific trait variation (ITV) within natural plant communities can be large, influencing local ecological processes and dynamics. Here, we shed light on how ITV in vegetative and floral traits responds to large-scale abiotic and biotic gradients (i.e. climate and species richness). Specifically, we tested if associations of ITV with temperature, precipitation and species richness were consistent with any of from four hypotheses relating to stress-tolerance and competition. Furthermore, we estimated the degree of correlation between ITV in vegetative and floral traits and how they vary along the gradients. </span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span><b>Location</b></span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span>Global.</span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span><b>Time period</b></span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span>1975-2016.</span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span><b>Major taxa studied</b></span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span>Herbaceous and woody plants.</span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span><b>Methods</b></span></p> <p class="SemEspaamento1"><span>We compiled a dataset of 18,112 measurements of the absolute extent of ITV (measured as coefficient of variation) in nine vegetative and seven floral traits from 2,774 herbaceous and woody species at 2,306 locations. </span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span><b>Results</b></span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span>Large-scale associations between ITV and climate were trait-specific and more prominent for vegetative traits, especially leaf morphology, than for floral traits. ITV showed pronounced associations with climate, with lower ITV values in colder areas and higher values in drier areas. The associations of ITV with species richness were inconsistent across traits. Species-specific associations across gradients were often idiosyncratic and covariation in ITV was weaker between vegetative and floral traits than within the two trait groups.</span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span><b>Main conclusions</b></span></p> <p class="CuerpoA"><span>Our results show that, depending on the traits considered, ITV either increased or decreased with climate stress and species richness, suggesting that both factors can constrain or enhance ITV, which might foster plant-population persistence under stressful conditions. Given the species-specific responses and covariation in ITV, associations can be hard to predict for traits and species not yet studied. We conclude that considering ITV can improve our understanding of how plants cope with stressful conditions and environmental change across spatial and biological scales. </span></p>
Data from: Association between inbreeding depression and floral traits in a generalist-pollinated plant
Individual variation in the magnitude of inbreeding depression (ID) in plants and its association with phenotypic traits may have important consequences for mating system evolution. This association has been investigated only scarcely, and always considering traits functionally related to autogamy. Here, we explore the association between individual variation in ID and plant traits associated with pollinator attractiveness (related to plant size, corolla size and corolla shape) in two populations of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). ID was calculated along the entire life cycle of the plants. In addition, we also explored the relationship between phenotypic traits and the individual levels of heterozygosity. We found significant associations between ID and corolla diameter and stalk height, being taller plants with larger corollas those undergoing a lower intensity of ID. Furthermore, we found a negative relationship between corolla diameter and heterozygosity, suggesting that plants with large flowers have purged their genetic load. Finally, we found a significant effect of corolla diameter on the intrapopulation genetic structure. All these findings suggest that plants with large flowers have secularly suffered frequent inbreeding in the study populations. Because corolla diameter is a trait frequently selected by pollinators in E. mediohispanicum, we believe that the observed relationship between this trait and ID could be mediated by pollinators, probably throughout an increasing in biparental inbreeding, geitonogamy or autogamy.
Data from: Genome wide association mapping of floral traits in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Floral morphology and pigmentation are both charismatic and economically relevant traits associated with cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Recent work has linked floral morphology and pigmentation to pollinator efficiency and seed yield. Understanding the genetic architecture of such traits is essential for crop improvement, and gives insight into the role of genetic constraints in shaping floral diversity. A diversity panel of 288 sunflower genotypes was phenotyped for a variety of morphological, phenological, and color traits in both a greenhouse and a field setting. Association mapping was performed using 5788 SNP markers using a mixed linear model approach. Several dozen markers across ten linkage groups were significantly associated with variation in morphological and color trait variation. Substantial trait plasticity was observed between greenhouse and field phenotyping, and associations differed between environments. Color traits mapped more strongly than morphology in both settings, with markers together explaining 16% of petal carotenoid content in the greenhouse, and 17% and 24% of variation in disc anthocyanin presence in the field and greenhouse, respectively. Morphological traits like disc size mapped more strongly in the field, with markers together explaining up to 19% of disc size variation. Loci identified here through association mapping within cultivated germplasm differ from those identified through biparental crosses between modern cultivated sunflower and either its wild progenitor or domesticated landraces. Several loci lie within genomic regions involved in domestication. Differences between phenotype expression under greenhouse and field conditions highlight the importance of plasticity in determining floral morphology and pigmentation.
Influence of climate, weather and floral associations on pollinator community composition across an elevational gradient
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Data from: Genome wide association mapping of floral traits in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
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Data from: An ultraviolet floral polymorphism associated with life history drives pollinator discrimination in Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae)
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Global gradients in intraspecific variation in vegetative and floral traits are partially associated with climate and species richness
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Genetic mechanisms associated with floral initiation and the repressive effect of fruit on flowering in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh)
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Supporting Data for: Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae)
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Data from: Association between inbreeding depression and floral traits in a generalist-pollinated plant
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Data associated with "Floral pigmentation has responded rapidly to global change in ozone and temperature"
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