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17 results for “floral colour”
Data from: Floral trait differentiation in Anacamptis coriophora: phenotypic selection on scents, but not on colour
<p>Current divergent selection may promote floral trait differentiation among conspecific populations in flowering plants. However, whether this applies to complex traits such as colour or scents has been little studied, even though these traits often vary within species. In this study, we compared floral colour and odour as well as selective pressures imposed upon these traits among seven populations belonging to three subspecies of the widespread, generalist orchid <i>Anacamptis coriophora</i>. Colour was characterised using calibrated photographs and scents were sampled using dynamic headspace extraction and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We then quantified phenotypic selection exerted on these traits by regressing fruit set values on floral trait values. We showed that the three studied subspecies were characterised by different floral colour and odour, with one of the two predominant floral volatiles emitted by each subspecies being taxon-specific. Plant size was positively correlated with fruit set in most populations, while we found no apparent link between floral colour and female reproductive success. We detected positive selection on several taxon-specific compounds in <i>A. coriophora</i> subsp. <i>fragrans</i>, whereas no selection was found on floral volatiles of <i>A. coriophora</i> subsp. <i>coriophora</i> and <i>A. coriophora</i> subsp. <i>martrinii</i>. This study is one of the first to document variation in phenotypic selection exerted on floral scents among conspecific populations. Our results suggest that selection could contribute to ongoing chemical divergence among <i>A. coriophora</i> subspecies.</p>
Data from: The functional significance of complex floral colour pattern in a food-deceptive orchid
Many non-rewarding orchid species mimic the signals of co-occurring food flowers and thereby attract food-seeking animal pollinators. These signals are often visually complex with a colour pattern that contrasts between outer and central parts. The significance of this colour complexity for the pollination success of flowers of deceptive orchids has scarcely been investigated. We tested the effects of the colour patterns of the food-deceptive orchid Paphiopedilum micranthum on bumblebee visitation choices and pollination success using behavioural experiments in a community context. Using comparative phylogenetic analysis and a bee vision model, we also compared the colour patterns of P. micranthum with those of its congeners and sympatric food flowers. The probability of both long-range approach and close-up choice by bumblebees to orchids was all enhanced in communities with food flowers similar in colour pattern to the orchid. Probability of long-range approach and close-up choice was negatively correlated with colour distance between orchid and food flowers in floral outer and centre, respectively. Flowers of P. micranthum that were manipulated to reduce visual complexity had reduced male and female pollination success. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the outer floral colour of P. micranthum is apomorphic and thus likely represents an evolutionary innovation, whereas the central colour is plesiomorphic and thus likely to function in the bumblebee pollination system as an exaptation. The contrast between the inner and outer colours appears to exploit visual preferences of bumblebees acquired during foraging on local food plants with similar colour patterns. This study highlights the adaptive significance of colour patterns in successful food deception and the importance of complex signals in facilitating interspecific interactions.
Data from: Cryptic petal colouration decreases floral apparency and herbivory in nocturnally closing daisies
1. Floral apparency is shaped by both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions that can act in opposing ways. Pollinators are expected to select for more visually apparent flowers, but this likely trades off against the potentially severe fitness costs of damage to apparent flowers by floral herbivores. One way in which flowers that close during parts of the day might circumvent this trade-off, is by evolving less visible lower petal surfaces that are inconspicuous to herbivores when flowers are closed. 2. Here we used visual system modelling and herbivory experiments to test whether petal surfaces that are exposed when flowers are closed are cryptically coloured. We collected lower and upper petal surface spectra for 77 Asteraceae species from Namaqualand, South Africa. This included closing species that expose their lower petal surfaces for 5 to 6 daylight hours, and non-closing species that do not expose their lower surfaces. We used these contrasting groups to test the expectation of reduced conspicuousness of lower petal surfaces in closing, but not non-closing species. 3. By modelling reflectance spectra of petal surfaces against a green leaf background in various visual systems we showed 1) that conspicuousness of upper petal surfaces to pollinators and various herbivores were strongly correlated, suggesting the potential for fitness trade-offs between attracting mutualists and antagonists to open flowers, 2) that closing species' lower petal surfaces were less visible to herbivores against a leaf background than those of non-closing species, and 3) that closing species had larger differences between upper and lower petal surface colouration than non-closing species. Behavioural experiments with tortoise herbivores demonstrated that flowers are easily detected when upper surfaces are exposed, but that tortoises were unable to distinguish lower petal surfaces against a leaf background, resulting in reduced flower herbivory. 4. These results are consistent with selection by herbivores for cryptic colouration of lower petal surfaces, and divergence of colouration between lower and upper petal surfaces in species with closing flowers. Visual crypsis of flowers may be an effective anti-herbivory strategy during times when pollinators are inactive, and provides an alternative to chemical defence, which often involves costs to pollination.
FIGURE 21. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 21. Habit and floral details. A) Zhaoanthus minutoaureus (Hooker 1910: t. 8293); B) Iridodictyum bakerianum (Foster 1889: t. 7084); C) Cryptobasis loczyi (photo: Georgy Lazkov); D) Cryptobasis mariae (photo: Elena Rahimova); E) Hermodactylus tuberosus (Syme 1869: t. 1496).
FIGURE 15. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 15. Habit and floral details. A) Limniris sibirica (Dietrich 1832–1833: t. 45); B) L. tenax (Hooker 1834: t. 3343); C) L. pseudacorus (Lindman 1922–1926: t. 398); D) L. wilsonii (Smith 1910: t. 8340).
FIGURE 13. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 13. Habit and floral details. A) Juno persica (Wright 1906: t. 8059); B) Evansia japonica (Redouté 1806: t. 152); C) Junopsis collettii (Hooker 1903: t. 7889); D) Tectiris milesii (Baker 1886: t. 6889).
FIGURE 18. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 18. Habit and floral details. A) Eremiris lactea (Lindley 1840: t. 1); B) Sclerosiphon songaricum (photo: Vladimir Kolobincev); C) Joniris ruthenica (photo: Aleksandr Kostjukov); D) Joniris ruthenica (Ker Gawler 1811: t. 1393); E) Phaeiris fulva (Small 1927: t. 388).
FIGURE 7. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 7. Habit and floral details. A) Siphonostylis cretensis (Baker 1878: t. 6343); B) Gattenhofia verna (Small 1931: t. 520); C) Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Baker 1879: t. 6428); D) Belamcanda chinensis (Curtis 1791: t. 171).
FIGURE 25. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 25. Habit and floral details. A) Chamaeiris anguifuga (photo: Jim Murrain); B) Dielsiris missouriensis (Baker 1881: t. 6579); C) Rodionenkoa gracilipes (Hemsley 1903: t. 7926); D) Lophiris cristata (Small 1924: t. 320).
FIGURE 23. Habit and floral details. A in Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the 'Iris sensu latissimo' clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data
FIGURE 23. Habit and floral details. A) Syrianthus grant-duffii (Baker 1889: t. 7604); B) Xiphion boissieri (Baker 1890: t. 7097); C) Alatavia kolpakowskiana (Baker 1880: t. 6489); D) Chamaeiris orientalis (Trew et al. 1773: t. 100).
Data from: Floral colours in a world without birds and bees: the plants of Macquarie Island
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Data from: Cryptic petal colouration decreases floral apparency and herbivory in nocturnally closing daisies
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Data from: Floral colour change in the eyes of pollinators: testing possible constraints and correlated evolution
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Data from: Floral trait differentiation in Anacamptis coriophora: phenotypic selection on scents, but not on colour
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Data from: The functional significance of complex floral colour pattern in a food-deceptive orchid
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Data from White & Kemp (2020) Spider lures exploit prey preferences for floral colour and symmetry
<p>Data from White & Kemp (2020) Spider lures exploit prey preferences for floral colour and symmetry.</p>
Data from GCMS analysis of floral odours and pollinator visitation in Collinsia heterophylla polymorphic for floral colour
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