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53 results for “floral diversity”
FIG. 4 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 4. — Gynoecium conditions (cont.): A, B, the ventral carpellary bundles in the form of ventral cord that separated into two distinct masses (each one arising from the fusion of two ventrals) (Sutera cordata Kuntze); C, the ventral carpellary bundies in the form of two distinct masses one for each carpel (Russelia equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham.); D, E, the ventral carpellary bundles fused in the form of ventral cord above (Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf.); F, G, the ventral carpellary bundles in the form of four ventral bundles at the beginning and fused into two at a higher level (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); H-J, the ventral carpellary bundles originated from staminal carpellary vascular supply (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); K, the non-vascularized nectariferous disc (Anarrhinum pubescens); L, the vascularized nectariferous disc (Digitalis purpurea L.). Abbreviations: D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.M., dorsal carpellary mass; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; N.D., nectariferous disc; N.D.Bs., nectariferous disc bundles; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; V.C.B., ventral carpellary bundle; V.Co., ventral cord. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 3. — Gynoecium conditions: A, the anterior dorsal carpellary bundle arose from the stele, while the posterior dorsal carpellary bundle arose from the staminal dorsal carpellary complex (Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. Hort. ex Loudon); B, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the central stele and staminal lateral carpellary complex (Anarrhinum pubescens) (two per each carpel); C, D, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the ramification of the dorsal carpellary mass (two per each carpel) (Veronica anagalloides Guss.); E, F, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the ramification of the dorsal carpellary mass (four per each one) (Sutera cordata Kuntze); G, H, each carpel has two lateral carpellary bundles, one from staminal carpellary complex and one from staminal lateral carpellary mass (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); I-L, each carpel has two carpellary bundles, one originated from dorsal carpellary mass, and one from both the central stele and dorsal carpellary mass (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations: D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.M., dorsal carpellary mass; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; L.C.T., lateral carpellary trace; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Dc.C., staminal dorsal carpellary complex; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; St.Vc.C., staminal ventral carpellary complex; V.C.B., central carpellary bundle; V.Co., ventral cord. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 2 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 2. — Androecium conditions: A, five staminal traces splitted from the central stele supplying five fertile stamens (Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf.); B, posterior staminal trace suppressed in corolla tube (Antirrhinum majus L.); C, posterior staminal trace represented by staminode (Russelia equisetiformisSchlecht.& Cham.); D-F, five staminal traces diverged from both staminal dorsal carpellary complex and staminal lateral carpellary complex, and staminal ventral carpellary complex (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); G, five staminal traces diverging from staminal lateral carpellary complex and central stele (Linaria maroccana Hook.f.); H, five stamina traces diverged from sepal median staminal complexes, the posterior one suppressed in the corolla tube while the other four enter the four fertile stamens (Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss.); I, J, four staminal traces splitted from the central stele (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); K, four staminal traces splitted from the central stele and staminal lateral carpellary complex (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.); L, two staminal traces diverged from the central stele (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations:D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; L.C.T., lateral carpellary trace; N.D., nectariferous disc; P.B., petal bundle; P.Sma.C., petal sepal marginal complex; P.T., petal trace; S.Ma.B., sepal marginal bundle; S.M.B., sepal median bundle; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Dc.C., staminal dorsal carpellary complex; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; St.T., staminal trace; Stn, staminode; V.C.B., ventral carpellary bundle; V.C.T., ventral carpellary trace. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 1 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 1. — Receptacle, calyx and corolla conditions: A, receptacle vascular supply shows continuous siphonostelic structure (Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. Hort. ex Loudon); B, C, sepal median bundle diverged from sepal median-staminal complex (Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss.); D, E, sepal marginal bundles came from the central stele (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); F, G, sepal marginal bundles came from petal-sepal marginal complex (Kickxia aegyptiaca); H, sepal marginal bundles came from both petal-sepal marginal complexes and sepal median bundle, and the petal trace derived from petal-sepal marginal complex (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.); I, J, petal supplied by a single trace, derived from the central stele, then branched into several accessory bundles in the corolla tube (Paulownia tomentosa); K, L, petal trace derived from both petal-sepal marginal complex and central stele (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations: P.B., petal bundle; P.M.B., petal median bundle; P.Sma.C., petal sepal marginal complex; P.T., petal trace; S.Ma.B., sepal marginal bundle; S.Ma.T., sepal marginal trace; S.M.B., sepal median bundle; Siph., siphonostele; Sm.St.C., sepal median staminal complex; St.T., staminal trace. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Phylogenomics and macroevolution of a florally diverse Neotropical plant clade
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Increasing agricultural habitat reduces solitary bee offspring number and weight in apple orchards through reduced floral diet diversity and increased fungicide risk
<p>1. Threats to bee pollinators such as land use change, high pesticide risk, and reduced floral diet diversity are usually assessed independently, even though they often co-occur to impact bees in agroecosystems.</p> <p>2. We established populations of the non-native mason bee O. cornifrons at 17 NY apple orchards varying in proportion of surrounding agriculture and measured floral diet diversity and pesticide risk levels in the pollen provisions they produced. We used path analysis to test the direct and indirect effects of different habitats, diet diversity, and pesticide risk on emergent female offspring number and weight.</p> <p>3. Our results showed that high proportions of agricultural habitat surrounding bee nests indirectly reduced the number of female offspring produced, by reducing floral diet diversity in pollen.</p> <p>4. When proportion agriculture surrounding bee nests was high, bees collected increased proportions of Rosaceae in their pollen provisions, which marginally (0.05<p<0.1) increased fungicide risk levels in pollen, which, in turn, marginally reduced female offspring weight. In contrast, female offspring weight increased as proportion surrounding open habitat (wildflowers, grassland, pasture) increased, but this effect was not influenced by proportion Rosaceae or fungicide risk levels in pollen.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and Applications: To promote healthy O. cornifrons populations in apple, we must maintain floral resource diversity and open habitats, while reducing fungicide risk levels and agricultural habitats. More broadly, our results show that land use change, in the form of increasing agricultural habitat, can negatively impact bee populations in agroecosystems indirectly through multiple, simultaneous threats. We must strive to understand these complex interactions between simultaneous threats to maintain healthy bee populations in agroecosystems, where we rely on them for pollination.</p>
Organic compost belowground and floral diversity aboveground interactively shape natural enemies in urban gardens
<p>Plant diversity aboveground can exert top-down pressure on herbivores by attracting predatory insects, while organic soil amendments rich in beneficial microbes can limit herbivores from the bottom up by enhancing plant defensive chemistry. Aboveground and belowground forces always operate simultaneously to shape herbivore pressure, but understanding how they interact is a longstanding and persistent challenge. Here, we examine how organic composts mediate effects of plant diversity across trophic levels, using zucchini plants (<em>Cucurbita pepo</em>) as a study system. Over two field seasons, we manipulated vermicompost treatments in 18 experiments in school gardens that varied in surrounding plant and floral resource diversity, and measured responses of insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Vermicompost strengthened a positive relationship between flower richness and foliar-feeding omnivores, suggesting that robust reservoirs of omnivores at flower-rich sites mounted stronger responses to compost-treated host plants. Predators increased with flower richness, but were not affected by vermicompost. Net outcomes of vermicompost and plant diversity were neutral for herbivores.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications: </em>Altogether, our results reveal that bottom-up factors protecting plants are modified by their environmental context, and may more effectively attract natural enemies in landscapes with diverse floral resources. Therefore, we recommend augmentation of biodiversity aboveground (i.e. floral resources) together with biodiversity belowground (organic soil amendments) to strengthen crop protection.</p>
Nectar values from: Turnover in floral composition explains species diversity and temporal stability in the nectar supply of urban residential gardens
<p>Residential gardens are a valuable habitat for insect pollinators worldwide, but differences in individual gardening practices substantially affect their floral composition. It is important to understand how the floral resource supply of gardens varies in both space and time so we can develop evidence-based management recommendations to support pollinator conservation in towns and cities.</p> <p>We surveyed 59 residential gardens in the city of Bristol, UK, at monthly intervals from March to October. For each of 472 garden surveys, we combined floral abundances with nectar sugar data to quantify the nectar production of each garden, investigating the magnitude, temporal stability, and diversity and composition of garden nectar supplies.</p> <p>We found that individual gardens differ markedly in the quantity of nectar sugar they supply (from 2 g to 1662 g), and nectar production is higher in more affluent neighbourhoods, but not in larger gardens. Nectar supply peaks in July (mid-summer), when more plant taxa are in flower, but temporal patterns vary among individual gardens. At larger spatial scales, temporal variability averages out through the portfolio effect, meaning insect pollinators foraging across many gardens in urban landscapes have access to a relatively stable and continuous supply of nectar through the year.</p> <p>Turnover in species composition among gardens leads to an extremely high overall plant richness, with 636 taxa recorded flowering. The nectar supply is dominated by non-natives, which provide 91% of all nectar sugar, while shrubs are the main plant life form contributing to nectar production (58%). Two thirds of nectar sugar is only available to relatively specialised pollinators, leaving just one third that is accessible to all.</p> <p><i>Synthesis and applications</i>. By measuring nectar supply in residential gardens, our study demonstrates that pollinator-friendly management, affecting garden quality, is more important than the size of a garden, giving every gardener an opportunity to contribute to pollinator conservation in urban areas. For gardeners interested in increasing the value of their land to foraging pollinators we recommend planting nectar-rich shrubs with complementary flowering periods and prioritising flowers with an open structure in late summer and autumn.</p>
Data from: Turnover in floral composition explains species diversity and temporal stability in the nectar supply of urban residential gardens
<p>Residential gardens are a valuable habitat for insect pollinators worldwide, but differences in individual gardening practices substantially affect their floral composition. It is important to understand how the floral resource supply of gardens varies in both space and time so we can develop evidence-based management recommendations to support pollinator conservation in towns and cities.</p> <p>We surveyed 59 residential gardens in the city of Bristol, UK, at monthly intervals from March to October. For each of 472 garden surveys, we combined floral abundances with nectar sugar data to quantify the nectar production of each garden, investigating the magnitude, temporal stability, and diversity and composition of garden nectar supplies.</p> <p>We found that individual gardens differ markedly in the quantity of nectar sugar they supply (from 2 g to 1662 g), and nectar production is higher in more affluent neighbourhoods, but not in larger gardens. Nectar supply peaks in July (mid-summer), when more plant taxa are in flower, but temporal patterns vary among individual gardens. At larger spatial scales, temporal variability averages out through the portfolio effect, meaning insect pollinators foraging across many gardens in urban landscapes have access to a relatively stable and continuous supply of nectar through the year.</p> <p>Turnover in species composition among gardens leads to an extremely high overall plant richness, with 636 taxa recorded flowering. The nectar supply is dominated by non-natives, which provide 91% of all nectar sugar, while shrubs are the main plant life form contributing to nectar production (58%). Two thirds of nectar sugar is only available to relatively specialised pollinators, leaving just one third that is accessible to all.</p> <p><i>Synthesis and applications</i>. By measuring nectar supply in residential gardens, our study demonstrates that pollinator-friendly management, affecting garden quality, is more important than the size of a garden, giving every gardener an opportunity to contribute to pollinator conservation in urban areas. For gardeners interested in increasing the value of their land to foraging pollinators we recommend planting nectar-rich shrubs with complementary flowering periods and prioritising flowers with an open structure in late summer and autumn.</p>
Close to the edge: Spatial variation in plant diversity, biomass and floral resources in conventional and agri-environment cereal fields
<p>Non-crop (segetal) plants in arable systems are commonly perceived simply as "weeds", i.e. harmful at worst and undesirable at best. The increase in management intensity in European arable systems has vastly reduced the populations of all but the most disturbance-tolerant plant species, negatively impacting the whole agricultural food web. In recent years, efforts have been made to promote agricultural biodiversity through measures such as flower strips and unsprayed field margins. However, studies of their impacts on the arable flora have rarely considered their spatial variation within the crop field. We investigated the spatial distribution of vascular plant species richness and their contribution to the food web via biomass and flower units in conventional and agri-environment cereal fields in six regions of Germany. We studied two types of in-crop measures (extensive cereals without pesticides or fertiliser, and with or without intercropping with flowering species) and one adjacent measure (neighbouring flower strip), recording at 1 m intervals from the field edge to interior. These results were then extrapolated to illustrate the effects of these measures on resource provision at the field scale. Species richness and plant biomass dropped off sharply after the first metre in the conventional treatments, regardless of the adjacent habitat. The "extensive" treatments maintained a much higher level of diversity and resource provision into the field interior. At the field level, this can mean more than sixty-fold difference in provision of flowering resources between conventional management (1900 flower units/ha) and agri-environment measures (127,000 units/ha for extensive cereals).</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications:</em></p> <p>The strong edge effects we found in conventional cultivation support the premise that reducing field sizes could play a role in promoting in-crop biodiversity. However, incorporating extensive field margins as an agri-environment measure would be more efficient at maximising diversity of generalists whilst maintaining high yields.</p>
Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions
<p>• <strong>Premise of the study:</strong> As plant lineages diversify across environmental gradients, species are predicted to encounter divergent biotic pressures. This study investigates the evolution of volatile secondary metabolism across <em>Helianthus</em> genus. <br>• <strong>Methods:</strong> Leaves and petals of 40 species of wild <em>Helianthus</em> were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry to describe volatile secondary metabolite profiles. <br>• <strong>Key results:</strong> Across all species, 500 compounds were identified including 40% sesquiterpenes, 18% monoterpenes, 3% diterpenes, 4% fatty acid derivatives, and 35% other compounds such as phenolics and small organic compounds. Qualitatively, annuals and species from more arid western climates had leaf compositions with a higher proportion of total monoterpenes, while erect perennials and species from more mesic eastern habitats contained a higher proportion of total sesquiterpenes. Among species, mass-based leaf monoterpene and sesquiterpene abundance were identified as largely orthogonal axes of variation by principal components analysis. Leaf and petal profiles were not strongly correlated. <br>• <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Wide diversity in volatile metabolism was observed among wild <em>Helianthus</em>, indicating value of this genus as a model system, and a rich genetic resource. The independence of leaf and petal volatile profiles indicates a low level of phenotypic integration between vegetative and reproductive structures, implying vegetative defense and reproductive defense or pollinator attraction functions mediated by terpenoid profiles in these two organs can evolve without major tradeoffs. The major biosynthetic pathways manufacturing major terpenoids identified in wild <em>Helianthus </em>have been well described to date, providing a road map to deeper inquiry into the drivers of this diversity.</p>
Nectar values from: Turnover in floral composition explains species diversity and temporal stability in the nectar supply of urban residential gardens
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Close to the edge: Spatial variation in plant diversity, biomass and floral resources in conventional and agri-environment cereal fields
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Increasing agricultural habitat reduces solitary bee offspring number and weight in apple orchards through reduced floral diet diversity and increased fungicide risk
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Turnover in floral composition explains species diversity and temporal stability in the nectar supply of urban residential gardens
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Declining floral color diversity shifts bee color preferences in fragmented habitats
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Floral Color Diversity: How Are Signals Shaped by Elevational Gradient on the Tropical–Subtropical Mountainous Island of Taiwan?
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Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions
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Floral resource strips enhance parasitoid abundance and diversity in apple orchards and promote agroecological advances in a South African biosphere reserve
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Organic compost belowground and floral diversity aboveground interactively shape natural enemies in urban gardens
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