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116 results for “floral traits”
Floral traits of animal-pollinated Sevilleta plant species
Concern about pollinator populations is widespread, with bees documented to be in decline due to factors including habitat loss, disease, and pesticides. In addition, climate change may be an important cause of bee population losses, but few studies have examined bee abundance relationships with climate variables. Importantly, bees may respond directly to climate or may exhibit indirect responses to climate via changes in plant phenology or community composition. This study collected floral trait data to complement the Sevilleta LTER pollinator monitoring, plant phenology, and plant biomass datasets, with the aim of examining whether floral resource availability mediates bee responses to climate. For 71 common, animal-pollinated flowering plant species, we measured floral traits relevant to pollination in June–October 2018 and April–August 2019 within sites representing four ecosystem types at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge: Plains grassland, Chihuahuan Desert grassland, Chihuahuan Desert shrubland, and piñon-juniper woodland. On a minimum of 5 individuals per plant species, we recorded the total number of open flowers and the corolla width of flowers, along with plant height and vegetative cover. These data may be used in combination with the Sevilleta LTER pollinator monitoring, phenology, and biomass datasets to examine how bee and floral resource abundance, diversity, and phenology vary across years and whether these changes correspond with one another, as well as to consider relationships among climate, floral resource abundance/diversity, and bee abundance/diversity.
Matrix of floral traits of Lilium pomponium
<p>Matrix of floral traits of <em>Lilium pomponium</em>. Height and width of the corolla (the latter measured three times, one for each pair of tepals), the distance between the top of the ovary and the tip of the stigma, the distance between the top of the ovary and the tip of the six stamens, the length of the six anthers and the corolla surface are reported. Corolla surface was calculated as the surface of an oblate spheroid. The year of sampling (Year) and the populations code (Pop) are reported. Data of populations are reported in relevé locality data table.</p>
The effect of experimental pollinator decline on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits
<p>Human-mediated environmental change, by reducing mean fitness, is hypothesized to strengthen selection on traits that mediate interactions among species. For example, human-mediated declines in pollinator populations are hypothesized to reduce mean seed production by increasing the magnitude of pollen limitation and thus strengthen pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits that increase pollinator attraction or pollen transfer efficiency. To test this hypothesis, we measured two female fitness components and six floral traits of <em>Lobelia siphilitica</em> plants exposed to supplemental hand-pollination, ambient open-pollination, or reduced open-pollination treatments. The reduced treatment simulated pollinator decline, while the supplemental treatment was used to estimate pollen limitation and pollinator-mediated selection. We found that plants in the reduced pollination treatment were significantly pollen-limited, resulting in pollinator-mediated selection for taller inflorescences and more vibrant petals, both traits that could increase pollinator attraction. This contrasts with plants in the ambient pollination treatment, where reproduction was not pollen-limited and there was no significant pollinator-mediated selection on any floral trait. Our results support the hypothesis that human-mediated environmental change can strengthen the selection on traits of interacting species and suggest that these traits have the potential to evolve in response to changing environments.</p>
Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season
Patterns of resource use by animals can clarify how ecological communities have assembled in the past, how they currently function, and how they are likely to respond to future perturbations. Bumble bees (Hymentoptera: Bombus spp.) and their floral hosts provide a diverse yet tractable system in which to explore resource selection in the context of plant-pollinator networks. Under conditions of resource limitation, the ability of bumble bees species to coexist should depend on dietary niche overlap. In this study, we report patterns and dynamics of floral morphotype preferences in a mountain bumble bee community based on ~13,000 observations of bumble bee floral visits recorded along a 1400 m elevation gradient. We found that bumble bees are highly selective generalists, rarely visiting floral morphotypes at the rates predicted by their relative abundances. Preferences also differed markedly across bumble bee species, and these differences were well-explained by variation in bumble bee tongue length, generating patterns of preference similarity that should be expected to predict competition under conditions of resource limitation. Within species, though, morphotype preferences varied by elevation and season, possibly representing adaptive flexibility in response to the high elevational and seasonal turnover of mountain floral communities. Patterns of resource partitioning among bumble bee communities may determine which species can coexist under the altered distributions of bumble bees and their floral hosts caused by climate and land use change.
The FloRes Database: A floral resources trait database for pollinator habitat-assessment generated by a multistep workflow
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>The decline of pollinating insects in agricultural landscapes proceeds due to intensive land use and the associated loss of habitat and food sources. The feeding of those insects depends on the spatial and temporal distribution of nectar and pollen as food resources. Hence, to protect insect biodiversity a spatio-temporal assessment of food quantity of their habitats is necessary. Therefore, sufficient data on traits of floral resources are required.</p> <p><strong>New information</strong></p> <p>Because floral resources' traits of plants are important to quantify food availability, we present two databases, the FloRes Database (Floral Resources Database) and the raw database, where FloRes was derived from. Both databases contain the plant traits (1) flowering period, (2) floral-unit density per day, (3) nectar volume per floral unit per day, (4) sugar content per floral unit, (5) sugar concentration in nectar, (6) pollen mass or volume per floral unit and per day, (7) protein content of pollen and (8) corolla depth. All traits are sampled from literature and online databases. The raw database consists of 702 specified plant species, 138 unspecified species 37 species (spec., sp), 22 species <em>pluralis </em>(spp) and for 79 only the genus was identified) and two species complexes (agg.). Those 842 taxa belong to 488 genera and 102 families. Finally, only 27 taxa have a complete set of traits, too less for a sufficient assessment of spatio-temporal availability of floral food resources.</p> <p>Because information of floral resources is scattered throughout many publications with different units, we also present our multistep workflow implemented in five consecutive R-scripts. The multistep workflow standardizes the trait units of the raw database to comparable entities with identical units and aggregates them on a reasonable taxonomic level into the second application database, the FloRes Database. Finally, the FloRes Database contains aggregated information of traits for 42 taxa and, when corolla depth is excluded, for 70 taxa.</p> <p>This is the first attempt to gather these eight traits from different literature sources in one database with a multistep workflow. The publication of the multistep workflow enables the users to extend the FloRes Database on their own demands with other literature data or newly gathered data to improve the quantification of food resources. Especially, the combination of pollen, nectar, and open flowers per square meter is, as far as we know, a novelty.</p> <p>The FloRes Database can be used to evaluate the quantity of food-resource habitats available for pollinators, e.g., to compare seed mixtures of agri-environmental measures, such as flower strips, considering flower phenology on a daily basis.</p>
Data from Investigating the effects of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators on male and female reproductive success and on floral trait selection in Silene dioica
<p><strong>data_all_OdEx.csv</strong>: all data about phenotypes or reproductive success at the individual scale</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>nGrSemis_min : seed number needed to be sowned to get enough seedlings</li> <li>nGrGerm : seed number effectively sowned</li> <li>nGrGerm_OK : number of germinated seed</li> <li>TauxGerm : germination rate</li> <li>nFruits_MAX : maximal number of fruit that the plant could have produced</li> <li>nFruits_OK : effective number of fruits that the plant had produced</li> <li>nFruits_OK_avecPred : effective number of fruits that the plant had produced ignoring predation</li> <li>nFruits_pred : number of predated fruits</li> <li>mean_nbSeeds : mean number of seeds per fruit</li> <li>sd_nbSeeds : sd number of seeds per fruit</li> <li>mean_nbOv : mean ovule non fertilize per fruit</li> <li>sd_nbOv : sd ovule non fertilize per fruit</li> <li>mean_nbOvTOT : mean ovule number per flower</li> <li>sd_nbOvTOT : sd ovule number per flower</li> <li>prodTOT : total number of seed produced including germination rate</li> <li>FS : Fruit-set</li> <li>SS : Seed-set</li> <li>prodTOTsg : total number of seed produced without germination rate</li> <li>nbFlo_run0 : flower number at the beginning of the experiment</li> <li>nbFlo_run1 : flower number at the first measurement</li> <li>mean_nbFlo : mean flower number</li> <li>MeanFec : mean seed sired per males according to MEMM model</li> <li>MeanDelta : mean delta pollen dispersion according to MEMM model</li> <li>MeanMRS : mean male reproductive success (including female RS) according to MEMM model</li> <li>MedFec : same as above with the median</li> <li>MedDelta : same as above with the median</li> <li>MedMRS : same as above with the median</li> <li>VarFec : same as above with the variance</li> <li>VarDelta : same as above with the variance</li> <li>VarMRS : same as above with the variance</li> <li>ciFec : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>ciDelta : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>ciMRS : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>MS_Res : mating success</li> <li>mean_lFl : mean corolla width</li> <li>mean_hFl : mean calyx height</li> <li>QttTOT : pollen number per flower</li> <li>pop : which originate population</li> <li>cohort : which cohort</li> </ul> <p><strong>data_seeds_OdEx.csv</strong> : all data about seed number of weight as well as unfertilized ovule at the fruit scale for female RS</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>noFruit : ID fruit</li> <li>poids : seed weight</li> <li>nbSeeds : number of seeds</li> <li>nbOv : number of unfertilized ovule</li> <li>moySeeds : mean seed size</li> <li>varSeeds : variance in seed size</li> </ul> <p><strong>data_poll_OdEx.csv</strong> : all data about pollinator observation session</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>session : observation session number</li> <li>nbVis : number of independent insect attracted</li> <li>nbVisTot : number of total visit</li> <li>binVis : individual visited or not</li> </ul>
Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits
<p>Within-flower self-pollination should be the major source of self-fertilization in mixed-mating species that present single or few flowers simultaneously. It is also an often unmeasured source of selfing in species with many flowers open simultaneously. In self-compatible species in which pistil and stamen numbers vary, the rate of within-flower selfing should depend on the number of pistils and stamens, the timing of flowering, and the morphology of subsidiary floral traits. The intensity and direction of selection on these traits should thus also depend on the level of inbreeding depression. Here, we measured the dependence of the within-flower selfing rate on floral sex allocation, phenology, petal length, and floral stalk height in a population of the perennial herb <em>Pulsatilla alpina</em> (Ranunculaceae) in which most individuals had single flowers. We estimated inbreeding depression in the population by comparing inbreeding coefficients between parents and seed progeny using microsatellite markers. We then estimated selection on the measured traits via female reproductive success at the flower level and compared our estimates with a hypothetical scenario in which inbreeding depression was assumed to be absent. Inbreeding depression was estimated to be severe (0.95). The within-flower selfing rate varied widely among flowers and depended positively on stamen number and negatively on pistil number and flowering date, supporting the predictions of a mass-action model. The dependence of the selfing rate on the measured floral traits consistently predicted (non-linear) patterns of selection under high inbreeding depression that were distinct from those under a hypothetical scenario of no inbreeding depression.</p> <p>Synthesis: While previous research has emphasized the importance of mass-action mating on selfing among flowers of plants with large floral displays, our results demonstrate its importance for selfing within individual flowers. They also demonstrate the importance of accounting for both the selfing rate and inbreeding depression when inferring selection on floral and other traits via female fitness.</p>
Simulated pollinator decline has similar effects on seed production of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica, but different effects on selection on floral traits
<p><span>PREMISE:</span><span> Pollinator decline, by reducing seed production, is predicted to strengthen natural selection on floral traits. However, the effect of pollinator decline on gender dimorphic species (such as gynodioecious species, where plants produce female or hermaphrodite flowers) may differ between the sex morphs: if pollinator decline reduces the seed production of females more than hermaphrodites, then it should also have a larger effect on selection on floral traits in females than in hermaphrodites.</span></p> <p><span>RESULTS: </span><span>Experimentally reducing pollination decreased seed production of both females and hermaphrodites by ~21%. Reducing pollination also strengthened selection on floral traits, but this effect was not larger in females than in hermaphrodites. Instead, reducing pollination intensified selection for taller inflorescences in hermaphrodites, but did not intensify selection on any floral trait in females.</span></p> <p><span>CONCLUSIONS:</span><span> Our results suggest that pollinator decline will not have a larger effect on either seed production or selection on floral traits of female plants. As such, any effect of pollinator decline on seed production may be similar for gender dimorphic and monomorphic species. However, the potential for floral traits of females (and thus of gender dimorphic species) to evolve in response to pollinator decline could be limited.</span></p>
Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade
<p><span>Why and how organismal lineages radiate is commonly studied through either assessing abiotic factors (biogeography, geomorphological processes, climate) or biotic factors (traits, interactions). Despite increasing awareness that both abiotic and biotic processes may have important joint effects on diversification dynamics, few attempts have been made to quantify the relative importance and timing of these factors, and their potentially interlinked direct and indirect effects, on lineage diversification.</span></p> <p><span>We here combine assessments of historical biogeography, geomorphology, climatic niche, vegetative and floral trait evolution to test whether these factors jointly, or in isolation, explain diversification dynamics of a Neotropical plant clade (Merianieae, Melastomataceae). After estimating ancestral areas and disparification over time in climate and trait space, we employ Phylogenetic Path Analyses as a synthesis tool to test eleven hypotheses on the individual direct and indirect effects of these factors on diversification rates.</span></p> <p><span>We find strongest support for interlinked effects of colonization of the uplifting Andes during the mid-Miocene and rapid abiotic climatic niche evolution in explaining a burst in diversification rate in Merianieae. Within Andean habitats, later disparification in floral trait space allowed for the exploitation of wider pollination niches (i.e., shifts from bee to vertebrate pollinators), but did not affect diversification rates. Our approach of including both vegetative and floral trait evolution, rare in assessments of plant diversification in general, highlights important pre-adaptations to mountain colonization, specifically woody habit and larger flowers. Overall, and in concert with the idea that ecological opportunity is a key element of evolutionary radiations, our results suggest that a combination of rapid niche evolution and pre-adapted traits were critical for the exploitation of newly available niche space in the Andes in the mid-Miocene. Further, our results emphasize the importance of incorporating both abiotic and biotic factors into the same analytical framework if we aim to quantify the relative and interlinked effects of these processes on diversification.</span></p>
Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season
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Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade
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The FloRes Database: A floral resources trait database for pollinator habitat-assessment generated by a multistep workflow
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The effect of experimental pollinator decline on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits
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Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits
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Simulated pollinator decline has similar effects on seed production of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica, but different effects on selection on floral traits
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Data from: Linking divergence in phenotypic selection on floral traits to divergence in local pollinator assemblages in a pollination-generalized plant
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Integrating floral trait and flowering time distribution patterns help reveal a more dynamic nature of co-flowering community assembly processes
<p>Species' floral traits and flowering times are known to be the major drivers of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions in diverse co-flowering communities. However, their simultaneous role in mediating plant community assembly and plant-pollinator interactions is still poorly understood. Since not all species flower at the same time, inference of facilitative and competitive interactions based on floral trait distribution patterns should account for fine phenological structure (intensity of flowering overlap) within co-flowering communities. Such an approach may also help reveal the simultaneous action of competitive and facilitative interactions in structuring co-flowering communities.</p> <p>Here we used modularity within a co-flowering network context, as a novel approach to detect convergent and/or over-dispersed patterns in floral trait distribution and pollinator sharing. Specifically, we evaluate differences in floral trait and pollinator distribution patterns within (high temporal flowering overlap) and among co-flowering modules (low temporal flowering overlap). We further evaluate the consistency of observed floral trait and pollinator sharing distribution patterns across space (three geographic regions) and time (dry and rainy seasons).</p> <p>We found that floral trait similarity was significantly higher in plant species within co-flowering modules than in species among them. This suggests pollinator facilitation may lead to floral trait convergence, but only within co-flowering modules. However, our results also revealed seasonal and spatial shifts in the underlying interactions (facilitation or competition) driving co-flowering assembly, suggesting that the prevalent dominant interactions are not static.</p> <p>Synthesis: Overall, we provide strong evidence showing that the use of flowering time and floral trait distribution alone may be insufficient to fully uncover the role of pollinator-mediated interactions in community assembly. Integrating this information along with patterns of pollinator sharing will greatly help reveal the simultaneous action of facilitative and competitive pollinator-mediated interactions in co-flowering communities. The spatial and temporal variation in flowering and trait distribution patterns observed further emphasize the importance of adopting a more dynamic view of community assembly processes.</p>
Data from: Phenotypic selection on floral traits in an urban landscape
Native species are increasingly living in urban landscapes associated with abiotic and biotic changes that may influence patterns of phenotypic selection. However, measures of selection in urban and non-urban environments, and exploration of the mechanisms associated with such changes, are uncommon. Plant-animal interactions have played a central role in the evolution of flowering plants and are sensitive to changes in the urban landscape, and thus provide opportunities to explore how urban environments modify selection. We evaluated patterns of phenotypic selection on floral and resistance traits of Gelsemium sempervirens in urban and non-urban sites. The urban landscape had increased florivory and decreased pollen receipt, but showed only modest differences in patterns of selection. Directional selection for one trait, larger floral display size, was stronger in urban compared to non-urban sites. Neither quadratic nor correlational selection significantly differed between urban and non-urban sites. Pollination was associated with selection for larger floral display size in urban compared to non-urban sites, due to differences in the translation of pollination into seeds rather than pollinator selectivity. Thus, our data suggest that urban landscapes may not result in sweeping differences in phenotypic selection but rather modest differences for some traits, potentially mediated by species interactions.
Data from: Floral antagonists counteract pollinator-mediated selection on attractiveness traits in the hummingbird-pollinated Collaea cipoensis (Fabaceae)
Pollinator-mediated selection towards larger and abundant flowers is common in naturally pollen-limited populations. However, floral antagonists may counteract this effect, maintaining smaller- and few-flowered individuals within populations. We quantified pollinator and antagonist visit rates and determined a multiplicative female fitness component from attacked and non-attacked flowers of the Brazilian hummingbird-pollinated shrub Collaea cipoensis to determine the selective effects of pollinators and floral antagonists on flower size and number. We predicted that floral antagonists reduce the female fitness component and thus exert negative selective pressures on flower size and number, counteracting the positive effects of pollinators. Pollinators, mainly hummingbirds, comprised 4% of total floral visitation, whereas antagonist ants and bees accounted for 90% of visitation. Nectar-robbers involved about 99% of floral antagonist visit rates, whereas florivores comprised the remaining 1%. Larger and abundant flowers increased both pollinator and antagonist visit rates and the female fitness component significantly decreased in flowers attacked by nectar-robbers and florivores in comparison to non-attacked flowers. We detected that pollinators favored larger- and many-flowered individuals, whereas floral antagonists exerted negative selection on flower size and number. This study confirms that floral antagonists reduce female plant fitness and this pattern directly exerts negative selective pressures on flower size and number, counteracting pollinator-mediated selection on floral attractiveness traits.
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
<p>Most plants form root hyphal relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These associations are known to positively impact plant biomass and competitive ability. However, less is known about how mycorrhizae may impact other ecological interactions, such as those mediated by pollinators.</p> <p>We performed a meta-regression of studies that manipulated AMF and measured traits related to pollination, including floral display, rewards, visitation, and reproduction, extracting 63 studies with 423 effects.</p> <p>On average, the presence of mycorrhizae was associated with positive effects on floral traits. Specifically, we found impacts of AMF on floral display, pollinator visitation and reproduction, and a positive but non-significant impact on rewards. Studies manipulating mycorrhizae with fungicide tended to report contrasting results, possibly because fungicide destroys both beneficial and pathogenic microbes.</p> <p>Our study highlights the potential for relationships with mycorrhizal fungi to play an important, yet underrecognized role in plant-pollinator interactions. With heightened awareness of the need for a more sustainable agricultural industry, mycorrhizal fungi may offer the opportunity to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. At the same time, fungicides are now ubiquitous in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates indirect ways in which plant-belowground fungal partnerships could manifest in plant-pollinator interactions.</p>
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