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46 results for “flour beetles”
Fig. 2 in Effect of temperature on two bio-insecticides for the control of confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 2. Mortality of Tribolium confusum adults with exposure to Beauveria bassiana (large dash line) A) on paper and B) in grain compared with controls not exposed (small dash line). Vertical error bars depict the residual SE of the mean.
Data from: Pathogen susceptibility and fitness costs explain variation in immune priming across natural populations of flour beetles
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Time spares no male: The age-dependent decline of olfactory attractiveness in red flour beetles <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>
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Data from: Synchronising anti-predator behaviour in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
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Relationship between walking activity and flight activity in the red flour beetle <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>
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Nutrition affects larval survival and the development of morphological traits in male and female flour beetles, but genital size and shape remain canalized
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The impact of local population genetic background on the spread of the selfish element Medea-1 in red flour beetles
<p>Selfish genetic elements have been found in the genomes of many species, yet our understanding of their evolutionary dynamics is only partially understood. A number of distinct selfish <i>Medea</i> elements are naturally present in many populations of the red flour beetle (<i>Tribolium castaneum</i>). Although these <i>Medea</i> elements are predicted by models to increase in frequency within populations because any offspring of a <i>Medea</i>-bearing mother that do not inherit at least one <i>Medea</i> allele will die, experiments demonstrating an increase in a naturally occuring <i>Medea</i> element are lacking. Our survey of the specific <i>Medea </i>element<i>, </i>M<sup>1</sup>, in the United States showed that it had a patchy geographic distribution. From the survey it could not be determined if this distribution was caused by a slow process of M<sup>1</sup> colonization of discrete populations or if some populations lacked M<sup>1</sup> because they had genetic factors conferring resistance to the <i>Medea </i>mechanism. We show that populations with naturally low to intermediate M<sup>1</sup> frequencies likely represent transient states during the process of <i>Medea</i> spread. Furthermore, we find no evidence that genetic factors are excluding M<sup>1</sup> from US populations where the element is not presently found. We also show how a known suppressor of <i>Medea</i> can impair the increase of M<sup>1</sup> in populations and discuss the implications of our findings for pest-management applications of <i>Medea</i> elements.</p>
Data from: Responses to artificial selection for locomotor activity: A focus on death feigning in red flour beetle
<p>Whole-organism performance, including locomotor activity, is an important fitness trait in many animals. Locomotor activity is often classified into sprint speed and locomotor endurance and differences in sprint speed and locomotor endurance affect on other traits such as life-history traits. Previous studies found that locomotor endurance, sprint speed, and brain dopamine (DA) levels are correlated with artificial selection for death-feigning (an anti-predator behavior that we refer to as "death-feigning syndrome") in some insect species. Thus, if the syndrome has a genetic basis, death feigning, sprint speed, and brain DA levels may be affected by artificial selection for locomotor endurance. We artificially selected for locomotor endurance over 10 generations in the red flour beetle <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>, and established higher (H) and lower activity (L) strains, then compared their death-feigning behavior, sprint speed, and brain DA levels. H-strain beetles exhibited significantly shorter duration of death-feigning, and significantly higher sprint speed, suggesting variation in death-feigning syndrome. Surprisingly, although brain DA expression affects various animal behaviors, we found no significant differences in the brain DA expressions of H- and L-strain beetles. Thus, our results imply genetic correlations between locomotor endurance, sprint speed, and death feigning, but not with brain DA expression, suggesting that differences in the biogenic amine results of our previous studies may reflect differences in behavioral expression mechanisms.</p>
Raw data for sexually selected traits and life history traits of major and minor males in the horned flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus
<p>1. Expression of weapons and weapon sizes are remarkably affected by environmental factors in armed insects, resulting in remarkable morphological difference in larger and smaller males i.e., male dimorphism</p> <p>2. The phenotypic plasticity is one example of alternative mating phenotypes. Selection on the alternative phenotype generates different suites of multiple traits between larger and smaller males such as morphology, behaviors and life history. The different subsets of traits can contribute to reproductive success of larger and smaller males, respectively.</p> <p>3. In order to understand how alternative phenotypes evolve, studies that couple differences in life history and reproductive traits between larger and smaller males are required. Here we investigated differences in morphology, behaviors, and life history in <i>Gnatocerus cornutus</i>.</p> <p>4. Larger males have relatively larger mandibles and the advantage in male fighting to access females. Also, the developmental period was significantly shorter in the larger males than in the smaller males.</p> <p>5. Smaller males with rudimentary weapons have higher locomotion ability. This suggests higher performance in the dispersal to new territories. Larger and smaller males showed different suites of multiple traits, and the combinations of multiple traits are probably related to expression of weapons.</p>
Supplementary Videos to "Anatomic and neurochemical analysis of the palpal olfactory system in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, HERBST"
<p>Supporting Videos to Figures 4, 5, and 6 of the peer-reviewed paper supplemented by this upload.</p>
An empirical test of the bet-hedging polyandry hypothesis: female red flour beetles avoid extinction via multiple mating
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Data from: Fine-scale analysis of parasite resistance genes in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
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The impact of local population genetic background on the spread of the selfish element Medea-1 in red flour beetles
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Multivariate stabilizing sexual selection and the evolution of male and female genital morphology in the red flour beetle
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Raw data for sexually selected traits and life history traits of major and minor males in the horned flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus
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Data from: Responses to artificial selection for locomotor activity: A focus on death feigning in red flour beetle
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Data from: Immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
1. In most animals, ageing is associated with a decline in immune function (immune senescence). However, different components of the immune system seem to age differentially, and many studies do not measure the ultimate fitness consequences of immune function after infection. Previous work shows that immune function may be traded off with other fitness components such as reproduction. It is possible that age alters the nature of these trade-offs, particularly in conjunction with factors such as gender and mating that can also affect investment in immune function. 2. We tested the impact of age, sex and mating on post-infection survivorship in Tribolium castaneum flour beetles, as well as the components of baseline constitutive innate immunity and external (secreted) immune function in uninfected individuals. We also tested whether the reproductive ability of uninfected females is traded off with immune function (baseline innate and external immunity) and post-infection survivorship across age groups. 3. We found that age, sex and mating significantly affected immune components and infection outcome, although the magnitude and nature of the impact varied in each case. We found that older beetles were more susceptible to infection by the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis even though major components of the constitutive innate immune defence (antibacterial and phenoloxidase activity) remained unchanged or improved with age. Thus, these aspects of innate immunity cannot explain the observed decline in post-infection survival of older beetles. We did not find trade-offs between the reproductive ability of uninfected females and their immune function. In contrast to innate immunity, external immunity showed an overall decline with age but was also affected by sex and mating. Finally, we show that bacterial infection alters external immunity via complex interactions between age, sex and mating status. 4. Our work uncovers novel interactions between age, sex and mating that can determine the evolution and outcome of immunosenescence by affecting the time course of relative investment in different immune and fitness components.
Data from: Specificity of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Immune specificity is the degree to which a host's immune system discriminates among various pathogens or antigenic variants. Vertebrate immune memory is highly specific due to antibody responses. On the other hand, some invertebrates show immune priming, i.e. improved survival after secondary exposure to a previously encountered pathogen. Until now, specificity of priming has only been demonstrated via the septic infection route or when live pathogens were used for priming. Therefore, we tested for specificity in the oral priming route in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. For priming, we used pathogen-free supernatants derived from three different strains of the entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, which express different Cry toxin variants known for their toxicity against this beetle. Subsequent exposure to the infective spores showed that oral priming was specific for two naturally occurring strains, while a third engineered strain did not induce any priming effect. Our data demonstrate that oral immune priming with a non-infectious bacterial agent can be specific, but the priming effect is not universal across all bacterial strains.
Data from: Gene expression levels are correlated with synonymous codon usage, amino acid composition and gene architecture in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Gene expression levels correlate with multiple aspects of gene sequence and gene structure in phylogenetically diverse taxa suggesting an important role of gene expression levels in the evolution of protein-coding genes. Here we present results of a genome-wide study of the influence of gene expression on synonymous codon usage, amino acid composition and gene structure in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Consistent with the action of translational selection, we find that synonymous codon usage bias increases with gene expression. However, the correspondence between tRNA gene copy number and optimal codons is weak. At the amino acid level, translational selection is suggested by the positive correlation between tRNA gene numbers and amino acid usage which is stronger for highly expressed genes. In addition, there is a clear trend for increased use of metabolically cheaper, less complex, amino acids as gene expression increases. tRNA gene numbers also correlate negatively with amino acid size/complexity score indicating the coupling between translational selection and selection to minimize the use of large/complex amino acids. Interestingly, the correlation between tRNA gene numbers and amino acid size/complexity score appears to be widespread given our analyses of 10 additional genomes and might be explained by selection against negative consequences of protein misfolding. At the level of gene structure, three major trends are detected 1) CDS length increases across low and intermediate expression levels but decreases in highly expressed genes; 2) the average intron size shows the opposite trend, first decreasing with expression, followed by a slight increase in highly expressed genes and 3) intron density remains nearly constant across all expression levels. These changes in gene architecture are only in partial agreement with selection favoring reduced cost of biosynthesis.
Data from: Female density-dependent chemical warfare underlies fitness effects of group sex ratio in flour beetles
In animals, skewed sex ratios can affect individual fitness either via sexual (e.g. intersexual conflict or intrasexual mate competition) or non-sexual interactions (e.g. sex-specific resource competition). Because most analyses of sex ratio focus on sexual interactions, the relative importance of sexual vs. non-sexual mechanisms remains unclear. We tested both mechanisms in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, where male-biased sex ratios increase female fitness relative to unbiased or female-biased groups. Although flour beetles show both sexual and non-sexual (resource) competition, we found that sexual interactions did not explain female fitness. Instead, female fecundity was dramatically reduced even after a brief exposure to flour conditioned by other females. Earlier studies suggested that secreted toxins might mediate density-dependent population growth in flour beetles. We identified ethyl- and methyl- benzoquinone (EBQ and MBQ; "quinones"), as components of adult stink glands that regulate female fecundity. In female-biased groups (i.e. at high female density), females upregulated quinones and suppressed each other's reproduction. In male-biased groups, low female density and associated low quinone levels maximized fecundity. Thus, females appear to use quinones as weapons for female-specific, density-dependent interference competition. Our results underscore the importance of non-sexual interference competition that may often underlie the fitness consequences of skewed sex ratios.
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