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5,371 results for “flow”
Linking Xylem Diameter Variations with Sap Flow Measurements at Harvard Forest 2003-2006
Measurements of variation in the diameter of tree stems provide a rapid response, high resolution tool for detecting changes in water tension inside the xylem. Water movement inside the xylem is caused by changes in the water tension and theoretically, the sap flow rate should be directly proportional to the water tension gradient and, therefore, also linearly linked to the xylem diameter variations. The coefficient of proportionality describes the water conductivity and elasticity of the conducting tissue. Xylem diameter variation measurements could thus provide an alternative approach for estimating sap flow rates, but currently we lack means for calibration. On the other hand, xylem diameter variation measurements could also be used as a tool for studying xylem structure and function. If we knew both the water tension in the xylem and the sap flow rate, xylem conductivity and/or elasticity could be calculated from the slope of their relationship. In this study we measured diurnal xylem diameter variation simultaneously with sap flow rates (Granier-type thermal method) in six deciduous species (Acer rubrum L., Alnus glutinosa Miller, Betula lenta L., Fagus Sylvatica L. Quercus rubra L., and Tilia vulgaris L.) for 7-91 day periods during summers 2003, 2005 and 2006 and analyzed the relationship between these two measurements. We found that in all species xylem diameter variations and sap flow rate were linearly related in daily scale (daily average R 2 = 0.61-0.87) but there was a significant variation in the daily slopes of the linear regressions. The largest variance in the slopes, however, was found between species, which is encouraging for finding a species specific calibration method for measuring sap flow rates using xylem diameter variations. At a daily timescale, xylem diameter variation and sap flow rate were related to each other via a hysteresis loop. The slopes during the morning and afternoon did not differ statistically significantly from each other,
Sap Flow of Northern Red Oak Trees Under Ecosystem Warming at Harvard Forest 2011
Over the next century, air temperature increases up to 5 °C are projected for the northeastern USA. Because evapotranspiration dominates water loss from terrestrial ecosystems, tree ecophysiological response to warming will have important consequences for forest water budgets. We measured growing season sap flow rates in mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees in a combined air (up to 5.5 °C above ambient) and soil (up to 1.85 °C above ambient at 6-cm depth) warming experiment at Harvard Forest, MA, USA. Principal components analysis found air and soil temperatures had the largest effects on sap flow. On average, each 1 °C increase in temperature increased sap flow rates by approximately 1100 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 throughout the growing season and by 1200 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 during the early growing season. Reductions in the number of cold winter days correlated positively with increased sap flow at night during the early growing season (a decrease of 100 heating-degree-days was associated with a sapflow increase of approximately 5 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1). Soil moisture declined with increased treatment temperatures, and each soil moisture percentage increase resulted in an increase in sap flow of approximately 360 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1. At night, soil moisture correlated positively with sap flow rate. These results demonstrate that warmer air and soil temperatures in winter and throughout the growing season lead to increased sap flow rates, which could affect forest water budgets throughout the year.
Maple Reproduction and Sap Flow at Harvard Forest since 2011
Seed production assures the persistence of tree populations and forest cover over the long-term, and so has long interested plant demographers and foresters. Many forest tree species produce seeds synchronously and at irregular intervals across large areas, a phenomenon known as masting. Initiated in spring 2011, this study addresses the mechanisms of mast seeding in sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and its impact on pollinators, seed consumers, and forest carbon dynamics at the Harvard Forest. We monitor seed production (via counts of seeds on trees), flower production, and resource status (via sap collection) on 20 trees. Pollinator dynamics and seed predation (by weevils) are also monitored. In 2015, we added sap and seed monitoring of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees to explore the hypothesis that this non-masting species would have muted dynamics compared to its masting congener.
Sap Flow in Red Maple and Red Oak in the Harvard Forest Snow Removal Study 2011
The climate is changing in mid and high latitude environments with the depth and duration of snowpack shrinking for many temperate forest ecosystems. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, on rates of water uptake (i.e. sap flow) in a snow manipulation study at Harvard Forest. We had three reference and tree plots from which we removed snow and induced soil freezing.
SBC LTER: Ocean: HFR-derived surface flow metrics, surface water retention times, and related factors in the Santa Barbara Channel (2012-2019)
This data package include three files: 1. daily maps of High-Frequency Radar (HFR) measured surface currents, indices of mesoscale eddy locations, and local retention times on a 2km grid; 2. monthly time series of wind stress, alongshore pressure gradient, surface current EOF principal components, vorticity, eddy area, eddy presence, and spatially averaged retention times from January 2012 to December 2019; 3. A MATLAB script for plotting the maps and timeseries. These data were processed in order to investigate the drivers of surface water retention in the Santa Barbara Channel, CA, details of which are available in the study: Brokaw, R.J., D.A. Siegel, and L. Washburn. Physical Drivers of Surface Water Retention in the Santa Barbara Channel. [In preparation for Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans.]
Brain Dynamics During Flow Experiences
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Dataset for Towards improved online dissolution evaluation of Pt-alloy PEMFC electrocatalysts via electrochemical flow cell - ICP-MS setup upgrades
<p>Experimental data comprises raw data from ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) (i.e. time dependence of signal intensity for Co59 and Pt195) for different cell geometry and operating parameters. <br>Model data comprise of time- and space-dependent values of Pt ions concentration in the modelling cell and local velocity vectors.</p>
Dataset for "Impact of the flow-field distribution channel cross-section geometry on PEM fuel cell performance: stamped vs. milled channel"
<p>Experimental data comprises raw data from load curve characterisation of a PEM fuel cell used for the validation of the mathematical model. Model data comprise of space-dependent values of hydrogen and oxygen concentration, local current densities, gas pressures and gas velocities in the modelled cell. These data were used for the investigation of the effect of different geometric parameters of flow-field channels on the performance of a PEM fuel cell.</p>
The MAT_STOCKS database: economy-wide material flows and material stock dynamics around the world
<p>Material stocks of buildings, infrastructure, machinery and other short-lived products form the biophysical basis of production and consumption. They are a crucial lever for resource efficiency and a sustainable circular economy, and for climate change mitigation. Here, we provide a global, country-level database of national-level material stocks differentiated by four end-uses and four summary material groups, for 177 countries from 1900 to 2016.</p> <p>This MAT_STOCKS database is derived from the economy-wide, dynamic, inflow-driven stock-flow model of Material Inputs, Stocks and Outputs (<em>MISO2) </em>(Wiedenhofer et al. 2024)<em>. </em>MISO2 covers 14 supply chain processes from raw material extraction to processing, trade, recycling and waste management, as well as 13 end-use types of stocks. Further information on the model and its system definition, as well as the model input data and assumptions and data processing procedures can be found in the accompanying peer-reviewed publication. The model code and exemplary input data can be found in the GitHub repository. </p> <p><strong>The MAT_STOCKS database version 1.0 </strong>provided here is summarized from the more detailed modeling presented in (Wiedenhofer et al. 2024). The dataset here gives:</p> <ul> <li>Material stocks by 4 main end-uses: buildings, infrastructure, machinery and other short-lived products (summarized from 13 detailed end-uses modeled) (S_10)</li> <li>Material stocks and flows by 4 main material groupings: biomass, non-metallic minerals, metals, as well as fossil-fuels derived materials (summarized from 23 raw materials and 20 stock-building materials modeled)</li> <li>Flows: Gross Additions to Stocks (F_9_10) and End-of-Life/Waste potentials (F_10_11)</li> <li>177 countries</li> <li>1900 to 2016 </li> </ul> <p>All units in kilotons. Paramter names are in accordance with the system definition given in the publication.</p> <p>Additionally, this repository includes all data presented in the figures of the related journal article.</p> <p><strong>Further information</strong></p> <p>This dataset complements the following scientific article:</p> <p>Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Streeck, Jan and Wieland, Hanspeter and Grammer, Benedikt and Baumgart, Andre and Plank, Barbara and Helbig, Christoph and Pauliuk, Stefan and Haberl, Helmut and Krausmann, Fridolin, From Extraction to End-uses and Waste Management: Modelling Economy-wide Material Cycles and Stock Dynamics Around the World (2024). Journal of Industrial Ecology, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13575">https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13575</a></p> <p>The model code and its documentation are available on Github and Zenodo (see links below). For further information please see the publications. You can also contact Dominik Wiedenhofer <a href="mailto:dominik.wiedenhofer@boku.ac.at">dominik.wiedenhofer(a)boku.ac.at</a> and visit our <a href="https://boku.ac.at/understanding-the-role-of-material-stock-patterns-for-the-transformation-to-a-sustainable-society-mat-stocks">website</a> to learn more about our project: <em>MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society.</em></p> <p><strong>Funding</strong></p> <p>This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950), and the European Union's Horizon Europe programme (CircEUlar, grant agreement No 101056810). Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or granting authorities.<br><br></p>
BioReCer Main biological feedstock flows database
<p>BioReCer aims at assessing and complementing current certification schemes for biological resources according to the new EU sustainability goals to enhance bio-based circular systems.</p> <p>This will be achieved by including new criteria that align with EU taxonomy and EU corporate due diligence regulations into guidelines for certifying biological resources’ sustainability, origin, tracking and traceability (T&T), and by ensuring applicability at EU and global scale.</p> <p>By promoting the sustainability and trade of biological resources, BioReCer will increase the added value, use, as well as social acceptance of bio-based products.</p> <p>Part of the specific objectives of the project is to map the current European biomass flows in 4 main sectors:</p> <ol> <li>Fishery</li> <li>Urban waste and wastewater</li> <li>Agriculture</li> <li>Forestry</li> </ol> <p>This database presents information on over 30 biomass feedstocks from across this sectors and is estimated to cover approx. 90% of the available secondary biological feedstocks in the EU. </p> <p>Table 1 shows the amount of secondary biomass produced by feedstock and their fates.</p> <p>Table 2 shows the amount of primary biomass prodused, imported and exported to and from Europe.</p> <p>This database is based on the work done for derivable 2.1 - Main biological feedstocks flows.</p>
Dataset of "Nickel-cobalt spinel-based oxygen evolution electrode for zinc-air flow battery"
<p>Following dataset provides all measured data that were collected on nickel (Ni) based electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction. The electrodes were following: nickel (Ni) pristine mesh (PM), catalysed mesh (CM), nickel pristine foam (PF), catalysed foam (CF). Catalyst was NiCo2O4. Firstly, the catalysed electrodes were prepared and characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. The electrodes were characterized in three different arrangements: in electrolysis non-flow arrangement, in a flow electrolysis cell and in ZAFB according to the manuscript.</p>
Dataset for "Methodology for fast testing of carbon-based nanostructured 3D electrodes in vanadium redox flow battery"
<p>Here, we describe a technique for integrating carbon-based rod-like nanomaterials into a vanadium redox flow battery and a methodology for fast nanomaterial performance testing. The technique is based on creating a fixed nanomaterial bed sandwiched between two graphite felt electrodes, forming a 3D flow-through electrode in the battery. Performing various positive and negative control experiments, we show the beneficial effect of a nanostructured bed on the primary battery characteristics obtained from short-term electrochemical experiments. We then characterize carbon nanotubes exhibiting promising electrochemical behavior in vanadium electrolytes, as observed in our previous study. The load curves obtained from charge-discharge steps at various current densities and electrolyte flow rates revealed considerable differences in the performance of the tested materials, with few-walled carbon nanotubes reaching unsurpassable characteristics. Although developed for vanadium redox flow batteries, the method enables testing tube-like and rod-like (nano-)materials as electrodes for other flow battery systems. </p>
Satellite-observed surface flow speed within Russell sector, West Greenland, bi-weekly average of 2015-2019
<p>An average horizontal surface ice velocity of Russell sector (Greenland) with 2-week temporal and 150m spatial resolution. Derived from satellite images collected between 2015 and 2019 by Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2. The details on the data processing can be found in https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-170.</p> <p><br> Dataset contains 24 independent NetCDF files (one per 2-weeks time step) with maps of vx and vy velocity components, maps of associated uncertainties per velocity component (STD of the 2-weeks averaged raw satellite measurements), and map of number of averaged measurements.</p>
Seasonal evolution of basal conditions within Russell sector, West Greenland, inverted from satellite observations of surface flow
<p>An annual set of model-inferred basal and surface properties of ice flow at Russell Gletcher sector in Western Greenland with half-month temporal resolution. Derived using the Elmer/Ice ice-flow model by inversion of satellite-observed ice surface velocity (10.5281/zenodo.5535532). The details on the data creatoin can be found in 10.5194/tc-15-5675-2021 .</p> <p>Dataset contains 24 independent NetCDF files (one per 2-weeks time step) with:<br> * alpha - inverted be model basal friction coefficient in log10 (log10(MPa m-1 a)<br> * base - basal topography altitude (m)<br> * lithk - ice thickness (m)<br> * orog - surface altitude (m)<br> * strbasemag - magnitude of basal friction tb (MPa)<br> * xvelbase, yvelbase, zvelbase - 3D basal velocity (m/yr)<br> * xvelmean, yvelmean - vertically average mean horizontal velocity (m/yr)<br> * xvelsurf, yvelsurf, zvelsurf - 3D surface velocity (m/yr)<br> * n - effective pressure (MPa)</p> <p>The additional WinterMeanState NetCDF file (inversion from the mean velocity of january, Febriary, Mars) contains the same set of variables (except the effective pressure), and in addition contains the <em>As</em> Weertman sliding coeffitient.</p> <p>The results have been interpolated from the native unstructured model grid to the regular grid used for the observed velocity (10.5281/zenodo.5535624).</p>
Pythia8 Quark and Gluon Jets for Energy Flow
<p>Two datasets of quark and gluon jets generated with Pythia 8, one with all kinematically realizable quark jets and one that excludes charm and bottom quark jets (at the level of the hard process). The one without c and b jets was originally used in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.05165">Energy Flow Networks: Deep Sets for Particle Jets</a>. Generation parameters are listed below:</p> <ul> <li>Pythia 8.226 (without bc jets), Pythia 8.235 (with bc jets), <span class="math-tex">\(\sqrt{s}=14\,\text{TeV} \)</span></li> <li>Quarks from WeakBosonAndParton:qg2gmZq, gluons from WeakBosonAndParton:qqbar2gmZg with the Z decaying to neutrinos</li> <li>FastJet 3.3.0, anti-ki jets with R=0.4</li> <li><span class="math-tex">\(p_T^\text{jet}\in[500,550]\,\text{GeV},\,|y^\text{jet} |<1.7\)</span></li> </ul> <p>There are 20 files in each dataset, each in compressed NumPy format. Files including charm and bottom jets have 'withbc' in their filename. There are two arrays in each file</p> <ul> <li>X: (100000,M,4), exactly 50k quark and 50k gluon jets, randomly sorted, where M is the max multiplicity of the jets in that file (other jets have been padded with zero-particles), and the features of each particle are its pt, rapidity, azimuthal angle, and pdgid.</li> <li>y: (100000,), an array of labels for the jets where gluon is 0 and quark is 1.</li> </ul> <p>If you use this dataset, please cite this Zenodo record as well as the corresponding paper:</p> <ul> <li>P. T. Komiske, E. M. Metodiev, J. Thaler, Energy Flow Networks: Deep Sets for Particle Jets, JHEP 01 (2019) 121, arXiv:1810.05165.</li> </ul> <p>For the corresponding dataset of Herwig jets, see <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/2664330">this Zenodo record</a>. The datasets can be downloaded and read into python automatically using the <a href="https://energyflow.network/docs/datasets/#quark-and-gluon-jets">EnergyFlow Python package</a>.</p> <p>Changes:</p> <ul> <li>v1 - Added files with b and c quark jets.</li> </ul>
Discrete water temperature, flow, solar radiation, chlorophyll-a and inundation, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, CA, 1999-2019
The objective of our study is to better understand the factors affecting chlorophyll-a production within a floodplain and its transport downstream to determine how lateral connectivity influences longitudinal connectivity. The Yolo Bypass is an engineered floodplain of the Sacramento River that inundates during periods of high outflow via overtopping weirs. Water traveling through the Yolo Bypass flows parallel to the Sacramento River and re-connects to the mainstem at the southern extent of the floodplain. Several monitoring programs in the Sacramento San-Joaquin Delta and Yolo Bypass collect discrete and continuous water quality data, including chlorophyll measurements. For this study, we synthesized available flow, water temperature, chlorophyll and inundation data between March 1999 to December 2019 and modeled the effects of environmental variables and inundation on chlorophyll-a production in the floodplain, the mainstem, and downstream of the floodplain/mainstem.
Great Bay Estuary, NH/ME, Box Model Water Chemistry, Flow, Precipitation, and Seagrass Coverage Data, 2008 - 2023.
This data repository contains compiled surface water (tributary and estuarine), wet deposition, and wastewater effluent chemistry, along with discharge, precipitation totals, and monthly effluent flows necessary for the completion of solute budgets for Great Bay, a subregion of Great Bay Estuary, NH/ME, USA. These datasets are part of on-going monitoring programs in the Great Bay Estuary and Lamprey River Hydrological Observatory. A subset of the monitoring data for the 2008 to 2023 period was compiled. The tributary and estuarine monitoring data were requested from the NH Department of Environmental Services Environmental Monitoring Database as part of the Tidal Tributary and Estuary Water Quality Monitoring Programs. The wet deposition chemistry record is maintained as part of the Lamprey River Hydrologic Observatory. Wastewater effluent chemistry was downloaded from the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online Database. The annual (1996 - 2023) seagrass coverage dataset for Great Bay Estuary reflects coverage of Zostera marina seagrass only and was compiled from annual monitoring reports. Mean daily instantaneous discharge data for the three tidal tributaries used in the load calculations are available from the USGS National Water Information System. Hourly precipitation volume data for the Durham, NH SSW station are available from the NCDC U.S. Climate Reference Network, with minor hourly gaps filled using the University of New Hampshire Durham weather station (https://www.weather.unh.edu).
Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed: Daily Flow Rates for C2, C3, C4
Stream discharge during the ice-free season was measured from ca. 1997 to present in three streams draining sub-catchments of the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed, which drain catchments with underlying permafrost extents ranging from 3 to 53%.
Abundance of eukaryote picophytoplankton and Synechococcus from a moored submersible flow cytometer at Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory, ongoing since 2003 (NES-LTER since 2017)
This is a decadal-scale time series of the abundance of eukaryote picophytoplankton and Synechococcus at 4 meters depth at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory, about 3 km south of Katama Beach, Edgartown, Massachusetts, USA. Picophytoplankton were sensed in situ by a submersible flow cytometer (FlowCytobot, or FCB). Sampling frequency was continuous at approximately 20-minute intervals binned to hourly resolution with some exceptions (e.g., winter in some years). This time series is ongoing for Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER).
Abundance, biovolume, and biomass of Synechococcus and eukaryote pico- and nano- plankton from continuous underway flow cytometry during NES-LTER Transect cruises, ongoing since 2018
These data represent the abundance, biovolume, and biomass of prokaryotic and eukaryotic picoplankton and nanoplankton sampled continuously underway during Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises, ongoing since 2018. Samples were obtained with an Attune NxT Flow Cytometer sampling at approximately 2-min intervals from the underway science seawater. Cells were identified and enumerated from the flow cytometry data files based on their scattering, phycoerythrin (575 nm) and chlorophyll (680 nm) fluorescence signals.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.