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31 results for “flower fields”
Landscape Flowering Phenology Field Data for Sites in the Vicinity of Crested Butte, CO
This dataset represents field observations of reproductive development (flowering phenology) in 135 species of flowering plants collected at 12 field sites in the vicinity of Crested Butte, Colorado starting in 2019. Sites were visited approximately weekly from early May until early August, and all species in flower were recorded in 25 segments along a 50m transect at each site, and species were recorded if they were within 1m of either side of the transect. Datasets included in this package are 1) cleaned field observations of flowering phenology, 2) taxonomic identity of all recorded species, 3) spatial data representing the location of the center of each transect segment, and 4) spatial data representing the segment polygons.
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)
Figs. 3-6 in Field observations of the behaviour of the pollen wasp Quartinia tenerifina RICHARDS, 1969 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Masarinae) at flowers in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
Figs. 3-6: (3) Male of Quartinia tenerifina taking up nectar from a flower of Aizoon canariense (note the protruded proboscis). (4 a-b) Female feeding on pollen directly from the anthers of Aizoon canariense. (5) Male of Quartinia tenerifina standing on the ground near a plant of Aizoon canariense. (6) Male resting on a nearly closed flower of Fagonia cretica. (median body length of females 3.3 mm of males 2.9 mm).
Figs 1-2 in Field observations of the behaviour of the pollen wasp Quartinia tenerifina RICHARDS, 1969 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Masarinae) at flowers in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
Figs 1-2: (1) Habitat of Quartinia tenerifina at Malpaís de Güímar, Tenerife (in the foreground sandy soil with patches of Aizoon canariense visited by the wasps; in the background a lava embankment covered by succulent bush [Kleinio neriifolii-Euphorbietea canariensis]). (2) Female of Quartinia tenerifina taking up pollen directly from an anther of a flower of Fagonia cretica the petals of which have already started to close (note that the left fore tarsus of the female is placed on the filament closely below the anther).
Not only hedgerows, but also flower fields can enhance bat activity in intensively used agricultural landscapes
<p>Agri-environment schemes (AES) have become important tools for farmland biodiversity conservation, providing suitable habitats, resources, and connectivity within agricultural landscapes. Bats are rarely studied in relation to AES effectiveness in contrast to birds, even though their presence and activity as biological control agents on insects, especially pest species, can be important for agricultural crops. While the role of hedgerows for bat occurrence and activity, as well as for their prey's diversity and abundance has been widely studied, the role of other AESs such as flower fields remains unclear. We monitored the activity of the main functional groups (edge, narrow and open space foragers) using ultrasound recorders, as well as potential prey abundances using light traps, across 35 study sites representing different AES in Central Germany from late July to September 2018. The sampled AES consisted of annual flower fields, mixed flower fields (with annual and biennial vegetation), perennial flower fields (sown every 5 years), hedgerows (surrounded by meadows and agricultural fields), and were compared to winter wheat (control) in a balanced design. Bat activity over hedgerows increased threefold for edge space foragers and sevenfold for narrow space foragers compared to wheat fields. Compared to wheat fields, narrow space forager activity increased fourfold over perennial flower fields, threefold over annual and twofold over mixed flower fields. This group's activity over hedgerows also increased almost threefold compared to mixed flower fields. However, the number of feeding buzzes and prey abundance did not differ significantly between AES. We detected foraging group-specific differences in bat activity between the studied AES. Thus, to promote bats in agricultural landscapes and to ensure their biological control services, it is important to establish more AES, such as hedgerows and flower fields, to increase their diversity and connectivity in intensively used agricultural landscapes.</p>
"I made the recording because Iam an amateur recording engineer and also work for a radio station. At the time, Iwas researching for a religious programme, for the radio and by pure chance and good luck, Iwas in the centre of York at the time the street preacher was there. Iam building up a personal library of 'ambient sounds' to use on various radio shows as 'sound effects'. The recording was taken outside St Helen's Church in St Helen's Square, in the centre of York. There was a fairly large crowd walking about, shopping. It was a Saturday. Some people were standing and listening to the man, some were mocking him, others didn't even notice. It was a sunny day, with a slight wind. St Helen's square is a large 'meeting place' for people with seats, flowers and usually musicians. I live in the centre of York and hear a lot of very interesting sounds there, everything from busking musicians, to many foreign languages, church bells, animals and much more. Ireally liked the recording of the preacher as it is quite clear that he passionately believes what he is saying. He was unaware that Iwas recording him. Iwish Ihad captured his whole sermon. He, and other members of his church visit the centre of York quite often, and preach there. Idon't know the name of his church." [Jools/vedas]19 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"I made the recording because Iam an amateur recording engineer and also work for a radio station. At the time, Iwas researching for a religious programme, for the radio and by pure chance and good luck, Iwas in the centre of York at the time the street preacher was there. Iam building up a personal library of 'ambient sounds' to use on various radio shows as 'sound effects'. The recording was taken outside St Helen's Church in St Helen's Square, in the centre of York. There was a fairly large crowd walking about, shopping. It was a Saturday. Some people were standing and listening to the man, some were mocking him, others didn't even notice. It was a sunny day, with a slight wind. St Helen's square is a large 'meeting place' for people with seats, flowers and usually musicians. I live in the centre of York and hear a lot of very interesting sounds there, everything from busking musicians, to many foreign languages, church bells, animals and much more. Ireally liked the recording of the preacher as it is quite clear that he passionately believes what he is saying. He was unaware that Iwas recording him. Iwish Ihad captured his whole sermon. He, and other members of his church visit the centre of York quite often, and preach there. Idon't know the name of his church." [Jools/vedas]19
Not only hedgerows, but also flower fields can enhance bat activity in intensively used agricultural landscapes
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Flowering phenology along the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Field Station boardwalk in the Cedarburg Bog Saukville WI 1984 to 1993
Flowering phenology of 189 plant species was studied over eight growing seasons between 1984 and 1993. Most of the phenological observations were made along the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station’s boardwalk in the Cedarburg Bog. The Cedarburg Bog is the one of the largest intact wetlands in southeastern WI (c. 1000 ha). It remains relatively undisturbed because of a long history of protection and contains a diversity of plant species. The boardwalk extends through several distinct vegetation types that are found within the bog and over upland forested habitat on islands the occur within the bog. This study therefore represents a broad sample of the flora found within the wetland, although the species observed concentrate primarily on showy species and exclude grasses and sedges. Observations of flowering phenology were made generally every 7-10 days during the growing season.
Optimising flower fields as an effective farmland eco-scheme also during non-breeding
<p>1. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union implements several farmland eco-schemes, but most are considered ineffective in halting the population declines of farmland birds. Sown flower fields are among the few eco-scheme types that rate as clearly beneficial. Yet, current CAP regulations lack minimum criteria for flower fields to qualify as eco-scheme, and thus only partially exploit their potential biodiversity benefits.</p> <p>2. Earlier research on the attraction of farmland birds to different types of sown flower fields has focused on the breeding season. We know far less about relative use of these fields during the non-breeding season, when food limitation can become severe. We therefore compared the attractiveness of four flower field types in SW Germany to 17 bird species during autumn and winter. Based on replicate surveys on 75–168 fields, we analysed bird incidences across these four types, and in relation to vegetation structure and landscape features.</p> <p>3. Flower field types showed little variation in species richness, but striking differences in selection by particular species. Finches and tits were disproportionally abundant on fields in their first year since sowing, buntings and whinchat on fields in later successional stages. Most flower fields established under CAP greening regulations were ploughed between September and November of their first year. Therefore, such fields cannot support farmland birds and other wildlife during a critical phase in their annual cycle.</p> <p>4. Birds were consistently more abundant on larger fields with a differentiated vegetation structure. Flower fields along hedgerows and groves primarily attracted inhabitants of woodland ecotones, while farmland birds had higher incidences on fields embedded in open landscapes.</p> <p>5. 'Policy implications'. EU member states currently revise their farmland eco-schemes. We propose to formulate minimum quality standards to assure that flower fields effectively support farmland birds also during the non-breeding season. These include an at least biennial cycle, more diversified seed mixtures, field sizes exceeding 12 m width or 0.18 ha area, and local diversity in their placement relative to other landscape elements such as hedgerows.</p>
Data from: Interacting effects of genetic variation for seed dormancy and flowering time on phenology, life history, and fitness of experimental Arabidopsis thaliana populations over multiple generations in the field
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Optimising flower fields as an effective farmland eco-scheme also during non-breeding
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Data from: Flower fields and pesticide use interactively shape pollen beetle infestation and parasitism in oilseed rape fields.
<p>MANUSCRIPT STILL UNDER REVISION</p> <ol> <li>Pollen beetles (Brassicogethes spp.) are the main pest of oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus) in Europe and responsible for massive yield losses. Upcoming pesticide resistances highlight the need for other means of crop protection, such as natural pest control. Sown flower fields aim to counteract the decrease of insect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes by providing breeding and foraging sites to ecosystem service providers such as parasitoids. However, the optimal age and size of flower fields to increase natural pest control is still unclear.</li> <li>We conducted experiments on 31 OSR fields located along a gradient of landscape-scale semi-natural habitat (SNH). OSR fields were located adjacent to flower fields which differed in age, continuity and size, or adjacent to crop fields or calcareous grasslands. In the OSR fields, pesticide free areas were established to examine interactive effects of pesticide use and flower field characteristics. The abundance of pollen beetle adults and larvae, parasitism and superparasitism rates in OSR were recorded at increasing distances to the adjacent fields.</li> <li>OSR next to flower fields maintained continuously for at least 6 years had the lowest numbers of pollen beetle larvae. Flower fields and calcareous grasslands increased pollen beetle parasitism in adjacent OSR fields compared to OSR fields neighbouring crop fields. However, the threshold for effective natural pest control of approximately 35% could only be reached in the pesticide free areas of OSR fields adjacent to calcareous grassland and continuous flower fields.</li> <li>In pesticide-sprayed areas, pollen beetle parasitism and superparasitism declined with increasing distance to the adjacent field, but they remained on the same level in areas without pesticides. Large flower fields (>1.5ha) increased parasitism and superparasitism more than small ones.</li> <li>Synthesis and applications: In general, older continuous flower fields decrease infestation with pollen beetle larvae and enhance parasitism rates in OSR. Furthermore, only flower fields larger than 1.5ha were able to push pollen beetle parasitism above the threshold level of 35%. Therefore, to promote natural pest control, it would be beneficial to maintain large flower fields for several years unmanaged, to create stable habitats for natural enemies. However, pesticide use has negative effects on OSR pollen beetle parasitism and can abrogate positive effects of flower fields on natural pest control. This study highlights that sown flower fields have the potential to increase natural pest control in OSR, but this potential is depending on its age and size and can be hindered by pesticide use.</li> </ol>
Data from: Among- and within-population variation in flowering time of Iberian Arabidopsis thaliana estimated in field and glasshouse conditions
The study of the evolutionary and population genetics of quantitative traits requires the assessment of within- and among-population patterns of variation. We carried out experiments including eight Iberian Arabidopsis thaliana populations (10 individuals per population) in glasshouse and field conditions. We quantified among- and within-population variation for flowering time and for several field life-history traits. Individuals were genotyped with microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms and four well-known flowering genes (FRI, FLC, CRY2 and PHYC). Phenotypic and genotypic data were used to conduct QST–FST comparisons. Life-history traits varied significantly among- and within-populations. Flowering time also showed substantial within- and among-population variation as well as significant genotype × environment interactions among the various conditions. Individuals bearing FRI truncations exhibited reduced recruitment in field conditions and differential flowering time behavior across experimental conditions, suggesting that FRI contributes to the observed significant genotype × environment interactions. Flowering time estimated in field conditions was the only trait showing significantly higher quantitative genetic differentiation than neutral genetic differentiation values. Overall, our results show that these A. thaliana populations are genetically more differentiated for flowering time than for neutral markers, suggesting that flowering time is likely to be under divergent selection.
Effects of cultivation practice on floristic and flowering diversity of spontaneously growing plant species on arable fields
<p>In the past, the floristic diversity of arable fields has been described in terms of species diversity (SD) and their degree of coverage (C), but never in combination with the recording of the actually flowered species (FS) and their flowering intensity (FI) to striking differences in the cultivation methods on arable land. In relation with SD and C, however, FS and FI may provide important additional information on the functional biodiversity of fields. The aim was therefore to investigate the effects of a) conventional, b) organic as well as c) smallholder (never application of herbicides) on the floristic diversity. Using a region in Germany, we investigated SD, C, FS and FI synchronously in a), b) and c), by 356 vegetation surveys (5x5m plots) conducted in spring and summer in 2019 in winter cereals. Statistical tests were used to analyse the differences between a), b) and c). The medians were used to compare the floristic diversity of a), b) and c) and finally relationships of FS and FI to SD were analysed in relation to the cultivation methods. Significant differences in SD, C, FS and FI were found between the a), b) and c) in spring and summer characterised by sharp declines from c) to b) to a). A drastic reduction in floristic diversity from c) 100 to b) 52 to a) 3 was determined. Plants in flower (FS, FI), were very poorly in a), moderately well to well in b) and well to very well represented in c). C) to a) was characterised by an sharp decline, and, from a) to b) by sharp increase in floristic diversity. With current acreage proportions of a) in mind, this would affect, about one-third of land area in Germany, associated with a drastic reduction in functional biodiversity for insects.</p>
FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus multistellaris. A. Habitat. B. Habitat detail. C. Flowering individuals. D. Inflorescence detail. E in A field full of green stars: Paepalanthus multistellaris (Eriocaulaceae), a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus multistellaris. A. Habitat. B. Habitat detail. C. Flowering individuals. D. Inflorescence detail. E. Side view of the capitula. F. Capitula seen from above. (Photos A, B, D: E. Gomes; C, E, F: C.O. Andrino).
Data from: No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Pesticide exposure is considered a major driver of pollinator decline and the use of neonicotinoid insecticides has been restricted by regulatory authorities due to their risks for pollinators. Impacts of new alternative sulfoximine-based compounds on solitary bees and their potential interactive effects with other commonly applied pesticides in agriculture remain unclear. Here, we conducted a highly replicated full-factorial semi-field experiment with the solitary bee <em>Osmia bicornis</em>, an important pollinator of crops and wild plants in Europe, and <em>Phacelia tanacetifolia</em> as a model crop. We show that spray applications of the insecticide sulfoxaflor (product Closer) and the fungicide azoxystrobin (product Amistar), both alone and combined, had no significant negative impacts on adult female survival or the production, mortality, sex ratio and body size of offspring when sulfoxaflor was applied five days before crop flowering. Our results indicate that for <em>O. bicornis</em> (1) the risk of adverse impacts of sulfoxaflor (Closer) on fitness is small when applied at least five days before crop flowering and (2) that azoxystrobin (Amistar) has a low potential of exacerbating sulfoxaflor effects under field-realistic conditions.</span></p>
Butterfly nectar foraging and flowering plant community data from field surveys in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
<p>The negative impacts of non-native species have been well documented, but some non-natives can play a positive role in native ecosystems. One way that non-native plants can positively interact with native butterflies is by provisioning nectar. Relatively little is known about the role of phenology in determining native butterfly visitation to non-native plants for nectar, yet flowering time directly controls nectar availability. Here, we investigate the phenological patterns of flowering by native and non-native plants and nectar foraging by native butterflies in an oak savanna on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also test whether native butterflies select nectar sources in proportion to their availability. We found that non-native plants were well integrated into butterfly nectar diets (83% of foraging observations) and that visitation to non-natives increased later in the season when native plants were no longer flowering. We also found that butterflies selected non-native flowers more often than expected based on their availability, suggesting that these plants represent a potentially valuable resource. Our study shows that non-native species have the potential to drive key species interactions in seasonal ecosystems. Management regimes focused on eradicating non-native species may need to re-consider their aims and evaluate resources that non-natives provide.</p>
Data for: Proximity to oilseed rape fields affects plant pollination and pollinator-mediated selection on a co-flowering plant on the Tibetan Plateau
<p><span>The ecological effects of mass-flowering crops on pollinator abundance and species richness of neighboring habitats are well established, yet the potential evolutionary consequences remain unclear. We studied effects of proximity to a mass-flowering crop on the pollination of local co-flowering plants, and on patterns of natural selection on a pollination-generalized plant on the Tibetan Plateau. We recorded pollinator visitation rates and community composition at different distances (near vs. far) to oilseed rape (Brassica napus) fields in two habitat types, and quantified pollinator-mediated selection on attractive traits of Trollius ranunculoides. The proximity to oilseed rape increased pollinator visitation in neighboring alpine meadows and changed pollinator composition in neighboring shrub meadows. Trollius ranunculoides in the alpine meadow near oilseed rape received three times more pollinator visits (mainly bees), and consequently had a 16.5% increase in seed set, but also received slightly more heterospecific pollen per stigma. In contrast, pollinator visitation to T. ranunculoides in the shrub meadow near oilseed rape was three times lower (mainly flies), leading to 10.7% lower seed despite no effect on pollen deposition. The proximity to the oilseed rape field intensified pollinator-mediated selection on flower size and weakened selection on flower height of T. ranunculoides in the alpine meadow but did not affect phenotypic selection on either trait in the shrub meadow. Our study highlights context-dependent variation in plant-pollinator interactions close to mass-flowering oilseed rape, suggesting potential effects on the evolution of flower traits of native plants through altered pollinator-mediated selection. However, context dependence may make these effects difficult to predict.</span></p>
Data from: No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment
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Data from: Flower fields and pesticide use interactively shape pollen beetle infestation and parasitism in oilseed rape fields.
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