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13 results for “foraging tactics”
Ecology and conservation of socially learned foraging tactics in odontocetes
<h3>Overview</h3> <p>This package contains the data and R code to replicate the analyses and figures of the review article, "Ecology and conservation of socially learned foraging tactics in odontocetes", submitted to the special issue of Philosophical Transactions B, "Animal Culture: conservation in a changing world". </p> <p>Metadata for CSV files used for analyses are provided below, and detailed instructions on running code are available at: https://github.com/JoaoVallePereira/Toothed_Whales_Forag_Tactics. For full description of variables, see supplemental material associated with publication. </p> <div> <h3>Main data table - dataTable_Forag_Tactics.csv</h3> </div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Variable</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td>common_name</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The common name of the species exhibiting the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>latin_name</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The Latin name of the species exhibiting the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>country</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The country that has jurisdiction over the region where the foraging tactic occurs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>region</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The region where the foraging tactic occurs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>animal_identity_data</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Whether identity information for the individual(s) exhibiting the foraging tactic is available</td> </tr> <tr> <td>number_of_animals</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The number of different individuals exhibiting the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>foraging_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The broad foraging category that the specific foraging tactic most closely aligns with</td> </tr> <tr> <td>foraging_tactic</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The specific foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tactic_driver</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The key factor influencing or determining the observed foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>human_induced</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Whether the foraging tactic is human-induced or not</td> </tr> <tr> <td>prey_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The type of prey being targeted during the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>habitat</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The type of habitat in which the foraging tactic is exhibited</td> </tr> <tr> <td>prey_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The type of prey being targeted during the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>putative_specialised_foraging_tactic</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Foraging tactics having both individual identity information and evidence of being shared among conspecifics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>putative_cultural_foraging_tactic</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Foraging tactics with positive evidence of social learning</td> </tr> <tr> <td>transmission_direction</td> <td>Character</td> <td>How the foraging tactic is transmitted, given positive evidence of social learning</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nature_of_social_learning_evidence</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The type of evidence for social learning</td> </tr> <tr> <td>culture_acknowledgement</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The type of evidence for social learning</td> </tr> <tr> <td>evidence_for_discreteness_significance</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Evidence for differences in diet or foraging techniques that are stable</td> </tr> <tr> <td>threat_acknowledgement</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Whether the reviewed studies acknowledge anthropogenic threats</td> </tr> <tr> <td>threat_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>For studies that acknowledge anthropogenic threats and impacts, the type of IUCN-CMP first-level threat classification</td> </tr> <tr> <td>threat_subcategory</td> <td>Character</td> <td>For studies that acknowledge anthropogenic threats and impacts, the type of IUCN-CMP second-level threat classification</td> </tr> <tr> <td>threat_direction</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Whether the acknowledged threats were considered a threat to or a consequence of the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>conservation_actions_acknowledgement</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Whether the reviewed studies acknowledge existing or proposed conservation actions related to the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>existing_conservation_actions_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Existing conservation actions related to the foraging tactic, the type of IUCN-CMP first-level action classification</td> </tr> <tr> <td>existing_conservation_actions_subcategory</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Existing conservation actions related to the foraging tactic, the type of IUCN-CMP second-level action classification</td> </tr> <tr> <td>proposed_conservation_actions_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Proposed conservation actions related to the foraging tactic, the type of IUCN-CMP first-level action classification</td> </tr> <tr> <td>proposed_conservation_actions_subcategory</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Proposed conservation actions related to the foraging tactic, the type of IUCN-CMP second-level action classification</td> </tr> <tr> <td>references</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Reviewed primary and secondary literature used to fill out metrics for the foraging tactic</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div> <h3> </h3> <h3>Maps data table - dataTable_Forag_Tactics_map.csv</h3> </div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Variable</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td>common_name</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The common name of the species exhibiting the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>latin_name</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The Latin name of the species exhibiting the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>orca_ecotype</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The orca ecotypes exhibiting the foraging tactic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>country</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The country that has jurisdiction over the region where the foraging tactic occurs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>region</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The region where the foraging tactic occurs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>latitude</td> <td>Numeric</td> <td>The latitude where the foraging tactic occurs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>longitude</td> <td>Numeric</td> <td>The longitude where the foraging tactic occurs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>putative_specialised_foraging_tactic</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Foraging tactics having both individual identity information and evidence of being shared among conspecifics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>foraging_category</td> <td>Character</td> <td>The broad foraging category that the specific foraging tactic most closely aligns with</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tactic_cat_fact</td> <td>Factor (10 levels)</td> <td>The broad foraging category that the specific foraging tactic most closely aligns with</td> </tr> <tr> <td>evidence_for_discreteness_significance</td> <td>Character</td> <td>Evidence for differences in diet or foraging techniques that are stable</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Mere presence of co-eater automatically shifts foraging tactics toward "fast and easy" food in humans
Competition for food resources is widespread in nature. The foraging behavior of social animals should thus be adapted to potential food competition. We hypothesized that in the presence of co-foragers, animals would shift their tactics to forage more frequently for smaller food. Because smaller foods are more abundant in nature and allow faster consumption, such tactics should allow animals to consume food more securely against scrounging. We tested whether humans would exhibit such a shift. To prevent subjects from having rivalry, they were instructed to engage in a "taste test" in a laboratory, alone or in pairs. Even though the other subject was merely present and there was no real competition for food, subjects in pairs immediately exhibited a systematic behavioral shift to reaching for smaller food amounts more frequently, which was clearly distinct from their reaching patterns both when eating alone and when simply weighing the same food without eating any. These patterns suggest that behavioral shifts in the presence of others may be built-in tactics in gregarious animals to adapt to potential food competition in social foraging.
Pollinator foraging tactics have divergent consequences for the mating system of a tropical plant
<p>Resolving the consequences of pollinator foraging behaviour for plant mating systems is a fundamental challenge in evolutionary ecology. Pollinators may adopt particular foraging tactics: complete trapline foraging (repeated movements along a fixed route), sample-and-shift trapline foraging (a variable route that incorporates information from previous experiences), and territorial foraging (stochastic movements within a restricted area). Studies that integrate these pollinator foraging tactics with plant mating systems are generally lacking.</p> <p>We investigate the consequences of particular pollinator foraging tactics for <em>Heliconia</em> <em>tortuosa</em>. We combine parentage and sibship inference analysis with simulation modeling to: (1) estimate mating system parameters; (2) infer the foraging tactic adopted by the pollinators; and (3) quantify the impact of pollinator foraging tactics on mating system parameters.</p> <p>We found high outcrossing rates, ubiquitous multiple paternity, and a pronounced departure from near-neighbour mating. We also found that plants repeatedly receive pollen from a series of particular donors. We infer that the pollinators primarily adopt complete trapline foraging and occasionally engage in sample-and-shift trapline foraging. This enhances multiple paternity without a substantial increase in near-neighbour mating.</p> <p>The particular pollinator foraging tactics have divergent consequences for multiple paternity and near-neighbour mating. Thus, pollinator foraging behaviour is an important driver of the ecology and evolution of plant mating systems.</p>
Behavior of brown bears foraging on sockeye salmon in Lake Aleknagik, Alaska (foraging tactics and success)
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Pollinator foraging tactics have divergent consequences for the mating system of a tropical plant
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Mere presence of co-eater automatically shifts foraging tactics toward “fast and easy” food in humans
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Data from: To graze or gorge: consistency and flexibility of individual foraging tactics in tits
An individual's foraging behaviour and time allocated to feeding have direct consequences for its fitness. Despite much research on population-level foraging decisions, few studies have investigated individual differences in fine-scale daily foraging patterns among wild animals. Here, we explore the consistency and plasticity of feeding tactics of individual great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), using a grid of 65 automated feeding stations in a 385-ha woodland, during three winters. We use a principal component analysis to describe individual variation in six feeding parameters and examine how these differences covary with dominance-linked attributes (species, age and sex), the personality trait 'exploration behaviour', distance to territory and local competition intensity. Analysis of 933 086 feeder visits by 3134 individuals revealed that the majority of variation in the timing of feeding was explained by two principal components. PC1 ('binge-eating'), accounting for 38% of variation, captured temporal clustering of feeding, with high repeatability both within and between years (r range: 0·42–0·55). PC2 ('transience'), accounting for 27% of variance, described how much individuals used feeders and was also repeatable (r: 0·34–0·62). While exhibiting consistent individual differences, birds also showed flexibility in foraging patterns, binge-eating less and using feeders more when they experienced greater local competition. Individuals in behaviourally dominant states (great tits, males and adults) binged more than subordinate birds (blue tits, females and juveniles) when their territories were distant from feeding stations. Moreover, great tits and males used feeders more than blue tits and females respectively, while birds feeding further from their territory used feeders less than those feeding closer. 'Exploration behaviour' was unrelated to both measures of daily foraging behaviour. This study presents some of the first evidence that birds use consistent alternative foraging tactics at a fine temporal scale. Individuals are consistent in their tactics, and also adjust their foraging behaviour with changes in local competition. Hence, studies of foraging behaviour should consider the extent to which such individual-level variability in foraging behaviour is under selection.
Exploration speed in captivity predicts foraging tactics and diet in free-living red knots
<p>Variation in foraging tactics and diet are usually attributed to differences in morphology, experience, and prey availability. Recently, consistent individual differences in behaviour (personality) have been shown to be associated with foraging strategies. Bolder or more exploratory individuals are predicted to have a faster pace-of-life and offset the costs of moving more or in risky areas, with higher energetic gains by encountering profitable foraging opportunities and prey. However, the relationship between personality, foraging, and diet is poorly understood.</p> <p>We investigated how exploratory behaviour in red knots (<em>Calidris canutus</em><i>) </i>is associated with foraging tactics and diet by combining laboratory experiments, field observations, and stable isotope analysis. First, we developed a mobile experimental arena to measure exploration speed in controlled settings. We validated the method by repeated testing of individuals over time and contexts. This setup allowed us to measure exploratory personality at the field site, eliminating the need to bring birds into captivity for long periods of time. After releasing birds within days of their capture, we asked whether exploration speed was associated with differences in foraging tactics and diet in the wild.</p> <p>We found that tactile foraging red knots mainly caught hard-shelled prey that are buried in the sediment, whereas visual foraging knots only captured soft preys located close to or on the surface. We also found that faster explorers showed a higher percentage of visual foraging than slower explorers. By contrast, morphology (bill length and gizzard size) had no significant effect on foraging tactics. Diet analysis based on δ15N and δ13C stable isotope values of plasma and red blood cells confirmed our field observations with slower explorers mainly consumed hard-shelled prey while faster explorers consumed more soft than hard-shelled prey.</p> <p>Our results show that foraging tactics and diet are associated with a personality trait, independent of morphological differences. We discuss how consistent behaviour might develop early in life through positive feedbacks between foraging tactics, prey type, and foraging efficiency.</p>
Data from: To graze or gorge: consistency and flexibility of individual foraging tactics in tits
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Exploration speed in captivity predicts foraging tactics and diet in free-living red knots
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Data from: Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in prey abundance and vulnerability shapes the foraging tactics of an omnivore
1. Prey abundance and prey vulnerability vary across space and time, but we know little about how they mediate predator-prey interactions and predator foraging tactics. To evaluate the interplay between prey abundance, prey vulnerability, and predator space use, we examined patterns of black bear (Ursus americanus) predation of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) neonates in Newfoundland, Canada using data from 317 collared individuals (9 bears, 34 adult female caribou, 274 caribou calves). 2. During the caribou calving season, we predicted that landscape features would influence calf vulnerability to bear predation, and that bears would actively hunt calves by selecting areas associated with increased calf vulnerability. Further, we hypothesized that bears would dynamically adjust their foraging tactics in response to spatiotemporal changes in calf abundance and vulnerability (collectively, calf availability). Accordingly, we expected bears to actively hunt calves when they were most abundant and vulnerable, but switch to foraging on other resources as calf availability declined. 3. As predicted, landscape heterogeneity influenced risk of mortality, and bears displayed the strongest selection for areas where they were most likely to kill calves, which suggested they were actively hunting caribou. Initially, the per-capita rate at which bears killed calves followed a type-I functional response, but as the calving season progressed and calf vulnerability declined, kill rates dissociated from calf abundance. In support of our hypothesis, bears adjusted their foraging tactics when they were less efficient at catching calves, highlighting the influence that predation phenology may have on predator space use. Contrary to our expectations, however, bears appeared to continue to hunt caribou as calf availability declined, but switched from a tactic of selecting areas of increased calf vulnerability to a tactic that maximized encounter rates with calves. 4. Our results reveal that generalist predators can dynamically adjust their foraging tactics over short time scales in response to changing prey abundance and vulnerability. Further, they demonstrate the utility of integrating temporal dynamics of prey availability into investigations of predator-prey interactions, and move towards a mechanistic understanding of the dynamic foraging tactics of a large omnivore.
Data from: Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in prey abundance and vulnerability shapes the foraging tactics of an omnivore
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Data from: Personality and social foraging tactic use in free-living Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus)
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