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16 results for “forelimb evolution”
Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity
<p>Vertebrate limb morphology often reflects the environment due to variation in locomotor requirements. However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. <span>Here we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than </span>600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late-developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with <span>the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.</span></p>
Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity
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Data from: Downclimbing and the evolution of ape forelimb morphologies
<p><span>Hominoids (non-human apes and hominins) are distinct from cercopithecoid monkeys in possessing more flexible forelimb joints, including high excursion angles at the shoulder and elbow. Both vertical climbing and forelimb suspension have been hypothesized to explain these skeletal differences, but field kinematic studies have found few differences in forelimb excursion during vertical climbs between chimpanzees and monkeys. Previous studies have focused largely on ascent (upclimbing) mechanics, while kinematic strategies employed during descents (downclimbs) are usually ignored. Here, we test the role that vertical climbing directionality plays in patterns of forelimb joint kinematics in wild populations of chimpanzees (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) and sooty mangabeys (<em>Cercocebus atys</em>). We found that vertical descent produces greater degrees of elbow extension and shoulder flexion in chimpanzees compared to their vertical ascents, a pattern not shared with mangabeys. Chimpanzees used their forelimbs in kinematically similar ways to mangabeys during ascents; however, descent involved greater elbow extension and greater shoulder flexion in chimpanzees. Our results support functional hypotheses emphasizing the role vertical climbing–and specifically descent– plays in the evolution of increased forelimb mobility in apes. </span></p>
Data from: Downclimbing and the evolution of ape forelimb morphologies
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Data from: Relaxed selection in evolution of genes regulating limb development gives clue to variation in forelimb morphology of cetaceans and other mammals
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text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
Figure 4 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 4. Geometric morphometric principal components analysis of the ulna, humerus and scapula of xenarthrans. A, the first two axes of the ulna GM analysis. No other principal components (PC) axis accounts for more than 5% of variation. B, the first two axes of the humerus GM analysis. The small amount of variation accounted for by PC2 is likely due to the small sample sizes for the taxa it differentiates, specifically armadillos, the two giant ground sloths, and to a lesser extent Hapalops. PC3 accounts for 5.6% of variation and differentiates Cyclopes from Paramylodon and Glossotherium. No other axes account for more than 5% of variation. C, the first two PCs of the scapula GM analysis. PCs 3 and 4 account for 8.6% and 6.3% of variation, respectively. PC 3 separates Cyclopes from other taxa, and PC 4 separates Cyclopes and Dasypus from Choloepus. No other PC accounts for more than 5% of variation. Sloth scapula specimens identified with a thick rimmed circle and black dot indicate the specimens shown in 4D. D, Choloepus (centre) has a relatively conserved gross scapular morphology (compare with Paramylodon on right), especially when compared with Bradypus (left), but it has mapped functional traits such as an angled scapular spine onto that conserved bauplan. Squares indicate armadillos, rounded squares indicate anteaters, and circles indicate sloths.
Figure 5 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 5. Geometric morphometric phylomorphospace of the ulna, humerus and scapula. A, phylomorphospace of the ulna shows that tree sloths inhabit the same region of morphospace, suggesting extensive parallel evolution relative to their last common ancestor, while giant ground sloths and armadillos diverged in the opposite direction and anteaters appear to have diverged little from the last
Figure 1 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 1. Phylogeny used in this study showing the relationships among living xenarthrans and extinct sloths based on recent molecular studies (see methods for details on how the tree was constructed). Extant tree sloths are labelled in purple. Hapalops and Acratocnus have been argued to show adaptations for arboreality, although these adaptations might also reflect digging habits. Other sloths are almost certainly terrestrial based on size. None of these forms show adaptation to suspensory behaviours and thus it is likely that this morphobehavioural suite evolved independently in living sloths. A cross symbol (†) indicates an extinct taxon.
Data from: From limb to fin: an Eocene protocetid forelimb from Senegal sheds new light on the early locomotor evolution of cetaceans
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Data from: Developmental constraints do not influence long-term phenotypic evolution of marsupial forelimbs as revealed by interspecific disparity and integration patterns
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Data from: Theropod forelimb design and evolution
We examined the relationship between forelimb design and function across the 230-million-year history of theropod evolution. Forelimb disparity was assessed by plotting the relative contributions of the three main limb elements on a ternary diagram. Theropods were divided into five functional groups: predatory, reduced, flying, wing-propelled diving, and flighdess. Forelimbs which maintained their primitive function, predation, are similarly proportioned, but non-avian theropods with highly reduced forelimbs have relatively longer humeri. Despite the dramatically different forces imparted by the evolution of flight, forelimb proportions of basal birds are only slighdy different from those of their non-avian relatives. An increase in disparity accompanied the subsequent radiation of birds. Each transition to flightlessness has been accompanied by an increase in relative humeral length, which results from relatively short distal limb elements. We introduce theoretical predictions based on five biomechanical and developmental factors that may have influenced the evolution of theropod limb proportions.
Shorter distal forelimbs benefit bipedal walking and running mechanics: implications for hominin forelimb evolution
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Data from: Theropod forelimb design and evolution
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Figure 3 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 3. Boxplots and ancestral state reconstructions of select linear measurements and angles. Metrics were selected to represent the diversity of observed outcomes, including one example (A) of a trait that is clearly distinct between tree sloths and other taxa, one example (B) of a trait that exhibits significant convergence between tree sloths but not a significant difference between tree sloths and other xenarthrans, and one example (C) of a trait for which tree sloths do exhibit a significant difference with other xenarthrans, but do not exhibit clear evidence of convergence. Ancestral state reconstructions are provided to visualize changes in a phylogenetic context and are not necessarily intended to accurately characterize ancestral states, although they do represent the states used to measure convergence. In the heatmaps, purple represents the direction predicted for suspensory taxa.
Figure 2 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 2. Landmarks and measurements taken in this study. Top row: scapulae shown are (from left to right) Bradypus, Choloepus, Tamandua, Tamandua. Long bones shown are from Tamandua (from left to right): humerus (anterior), humerus (posterior), ulna, tibia, femur, radius, radius (proximal).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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