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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Landscape-B Asin Approach To The Study Of Floristic Diversity (Heterogeneous Catchments Of Steppe And Forest-Steppe Zones Of Altai Krai, Russia, As A Case Study)

Fig. 1. Landscape and floristic regionalization of neighboring the Kasmalinsky basin and the Barnaulka river basin.

Fig. 5 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 5. Canonical Correspondence Analysis of the most common amphibians. The arrow orientation and length represent the association, direction, and strength between the environmental variables and the ordination axis. Species names correspond to: Crm (C. matudai), Plm (Pl. matudai), Pls (Pl. sagorum), Pte (Pt. euthysanota), Bof (B. franklini), Boo (B. occidentalis), and Dex (D. xolocalcae) Environmental acronyms correspond to: Hum (Humidity), Understory_Den (Under story density), Le_Li_depth (leaf litter depth), and Temp (temperature).

Fig. 4 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 4. (a) Principal Component Analysis, grouping the eight sites present in the core zones according to eight environmental variables taken in each site. Blue triangles: TCZ (El Triunfo core zone) sites; pink circles: QCZ (El Quetzal core zone) site. (b) Eight environmental variables measured in the eight sites (four per core zone). Median (solid line), 25th and 75th percentiles (boundaries of boxes), minimum and maximum (lines).

Fig. 1 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 1. Location of the two sampled zones, El Triunfo core zone [TCZ] (1) and the El Quetzal core zone [QCZ] (3), in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve (ETBR), Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico, and illustration of the sample design (core zones, sites, and plots).

Fig. 3 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 3. (a) Rank-abundance Curves for the El Triunfo core zone [TCZ] and Quetzal core zone [QCZ] in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve. Letters on the Rank-abundance Curves correspond to Crm (C. matudai), Crs (C. stuarti), Pll (Pl. lacertosa), Plh (Pl. hartwegii), Plm (Pl. matudai), Pls (Pl. sagorum), Dus (D. schmidtorum), Pte (Pt. euthysanota), Exs (E. sumichrasti), Lim (L. maculatus), Bof (B. franklini), Boo (B. occidentalis), Bofl (B. flavimembris), and Dex (D. xolocalcae). (b) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of the eight sites within the core zones in the ETBR. Blue triangles: TCZ sites, pink circles: QCZ sites. (c) Dendrogram of functional groups of the El Triunfo core zone amphibian species, using Euclidian Distance, and tested functional groups by ANOSIM are highlighted in different colors (FG1: green; FG2: brown; FG3: blue; FG4: red, and FG5: yellow).

Fig. 2 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 2. Box plots of amphibian species diversity in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve (ETBR), Chiapas, Mexico, showing the median (solid line), 25th and 75th percentiles (boundaries of boxes), and minimum and maximum (lines). (a) Number of individuals, (b) Species richness (0D), (c) Common species (1D), and (d) Dominant species (2D).

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

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Data from: Tall, heterogenous forests improve prey capture, delivery to nestlings, and reproductive success for Spotted Owls in southern California

Predator-prey interactions can be profoundly influenced by vegetation conditions, particularly when predator and prey prefer different habitats. Although such interactions have proven challenging to study for small and cryptic predators, recent methodological advances substantially improve opportunities for understanding how vegetation influences prey acquisition and strengthen conservation planning for this group. The California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is well-known as an old-forest species of conservation concern, but whose primary prey in many regions – woodrats (Neotoma spp.) – occurs in a broad range of vegetation conditions. Here, we used high-resolution GPS tracking coupled with nest video monitoring to test the hypothesis that prey capture rates vary as a function of vegetation structure and heterogeneity, with emergent, reproductive consequences for Spotted Owls in Southern California. Foraging owls were more successful capturing prey, including woodrats, in taller multilayered forests, in areas with higher heterogeneity in vegetation types, and near forest-chaparral edges. Consistent with these findings, Spotted Owls delivered prey items more frequently to nests in territories with greater heterogeneity in vegetation types and delivered prey biomass at a higher rate in territories with more forest-chaparral edge. Spotted Owls had higher reproductive success in territories with higher mean canopy cover, taller trees, and more shrubby vegetation. Collectively, our results provide additional and compelling evidence that a mosaic of large tree forests with complex canopy and shrubby vegetation increases access to prey with potential reproductive benefits to Spotted Owls in landscapes where woodrats are a primary prey item. We suggest that forest management activities that enhance forest structure and vegetation heterogeneity could help curb declining Spotted Owl populations while promoting resilient ecosystems in some regions.

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Data from: Tall, heterogenous forests improve prey capture, delivery to nestlings, and reproductive success for Spotted Owls in southern California

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publicDec 2022View details →

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Landscape heterogeneity shapes bird phylogenetic responses at forest-matrix interfaces in Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Agricultural intensification is one of the major factors driving biodiversity loss. However, most studies in human-dominated landscapes have used taxonomic diversity in their analysis, ignoring evolutionary relationships. Consequently, the relationship between landscape structure and phylogenetic diversity is not well understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that landscape heterogeneity is positively related to bird phylogenetic indexes of diversity and structure, leading to over-dispersed phylogenies in very heterogeneous landscapes. We analyzed phylogenetic responses in interfaces between forest edges and anthropogenic matrices (forest-pasture and forest-eucalyptus) using generalized linear mixed models. We also compared these indexes between land covers to assess which one best preserves the phylogenetic history of communities. We used both traditional phylogenetic indexes and those corrected for species richness. Our results showed that phylogenetic diversity varied significantly between land cover types, but this did not occur when we removed effects associated with species richness, suggesting that all land covers preserve similar levels of evolutionary history. Additionally, our best models showed a positive relationship between landscape heterogeneity and bird phylogenetic indexes of diversity and structure, but the strength of these relationships may be land-cover dependent. In summary, our work highlights the influence of landscape heterogeneity on the phylogenetic diversity and structure of bird communities, reinforcing the need for its incorporation into conservation-based studies.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Spatial data for Chaplin-Kramer et al. "Spatial heterogeneity in forest carbon storage affects priorities for reforestation"

Spatial data generated for the forest carbon edge effects analysis and optimization performed in Chaplin-Kramer et al. "Spatial heterogeneity in forest carbon storage affects priorities for reforestation". The files included are described below.fc_stack_hansen_forest_cover2014_compressed_std_forest_edge_result.tif - Carbon (Mg/ha) predicted by the regression model for Hansen forest cover 2014 (this is the LULC map that produced the model with the best fit and was used in the model validation)fig1_edge_effect_hansen_compressed_nr_md5_63366a.tif – Figure 1 in the manuscriptfig2_ipcc1_regression2_overlap3_md5_43e130.tif – Figure 2 in the manuscriptfigS5_ipcc1_regression2_overlap3_avgov_md5_fe8b72.tif – Alternate styling of manuscript Fig. 2 (resampling with "average" instead of "near"), shown in Supplemental Fig. S5ipcc_carbon_restoration_limited_md5_cd012d.tif - Carbon (Mg/ha) in restoration LULC calculated with the IPCC Tier 1 approachipcc_tier1_carbon_data.zip - Data needed to run the IPCC approach are contained within two files in the zip folder: the carbon table (carbon zones are rows and ESA LULC codes are columns) IPCC_carbon_table_md5_a91f7ade46871575861005764d85cfa7.csv; and the carbon zones map: carbon_zones_md5_aa16830f64d1ef66ebdf2552fb8a9c0d.gpkgipcc_carbon_esa_compressed_md5_5b4803.tif - Carbon (Mg/ha) in ESA 2014 LULC calculated with the IPCC Tier 1 approach (shown in Fig. S1)PNV_jsmith_060420_md5_8dd464e0e23fefaaabe52e44aa296330.tif – Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) created by Jeff Smith (unpublished) through a cross-walk of ESA to Dinerstein biomesregression_carbon_esa_compressed_md5_c867a0.tif - Carbon (Mg/ha) in ESA 2014 LULC calculated with the regression approach (shown in Fig. S1)regression_carbon_restoration_md5_1f5ca8.tif - Carbon (Mg/ha) in restoration LULC calculated with the regression approachrestoration_limited_md5_372bdfd9ffaf810b5f68ddeb4704f48f.tif – the LULC scenario of reforestation (based on PNV, but excluding agriculture and urban areas)

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region

Aim: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the positive effects of local scale (α-diversity) biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are widely accepted, species turnover across communities (β-diversity) which is often an important driver of ecosystem functioning did not receive the same attention. This study broadens the understanding of how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients. Location: North-eastern China. Time period: 2017. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: We estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both averaging and modified multiple thresholds (50%, 70% and 90%) approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate the optimal patterns of multifunctionality and biodiversity along the latitude. Using variance decomposition, structural equation modeling and linear mixed models, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers. Results: Our results show that multifunctionality decreased with increasing latitude, mirroring the pattern of tree diversity along latitudinal gradients. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity emerged as crucial diversity indices for sustaining multifunctionality in these temperate forests. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by tree diversity. Environmental heterogeneity played a pivotal role in maintaining high levels of multifunctionality, exerting influence both directly and indirectly via phylogenetic β-diversity. Main conclusions: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Data from: Filtering ground noise from LiDAR returns produces inferior models of forest aboveground biomass in heterogenous landscapes

Airborne LiDAR has become an essential data source for large-scale, high-resolution modeling of forest aboveground biomass and carbon stocks, enabling predictions with much higher resolution and accuracy than can be achieved using optical imagery alone. Ground noise filtering -- that is, excluding returns from LiDAR point clouds based on simple height thresholds -- is a common practice meant to improve the 'signal' content of LiDAR returns by preventing ground returns from masking useful information about tree size and condition contained within canopy returns. However, ground returns may be helpful for making accurate aboveground biomass predictions in heterogeneous landscapes that include a patchy mosaic of vegetation heights and land cover types.     In this paper, we applied several ground noise filtering thresholds while mapping forest AGB across New York State (USA), a heterogenous landscape composed of both contiguously forested and highly fragmented areas with mixed land cover types. We fit random forest models to predictor sets derived from each filtering intensity threshold and compared model accuracies, paying attention to how changes in accuracy correlated with landscape structure. We observed that removing ground noise via any height threshold systematically biases many of the LiDAR-derived variables used in AGB modeling, with mean correlation (Spearman's $\rho$) between variables increasing from 0.183 to 0.266. We found that that ground noise filtering yields models of forest AGB with lower accuracy than models trained using predictors derived from unfiltered point clouds, with RMSE increasing by up to 2.2 Mg ha^-1^ statewide. Although we only modeled AGB for forest cover types, models fit to predictors derived from filtered point clouds performed worse as landscape heterogeneity (as measured by patch density and edge density) increased, suggesting ground returns are particularly useful when modeling edge forests. Our results suggest that ground filtering should be a carefully considered decision when mapping forest AGB, particularly when mapping heterogeneous and highly fragmented landscapes, as ground returns are more likely to represent useful 'signal' than extraneous 'noise' in these cases.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Large trees and forest heterogeneity facilitate prey capture by California spotted owls

Predators are among the most threatened animal groups globally, with prey declines contributing to their endangerment. However, assessments of the habitat conditions that influence the successful capture of different prey species are rare, especially for small, cryptic predators. Accordingly, most predator conservation plans are based on the relative importance of habitats inferred from coarse-scale <a name="_Hlk99628060"></a>studies that do not consider habitat features contributing to hunting success, which can vary among prey species. To address this limitation, we integrated high-resolution GPS tracking and nest video monitoring to characterize habitat features at prey capture locations during the nestling provisioning stage for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) a small, cryptic predator that has been at the center of a decades-long forest management conflict in western North America. When all prey species were considered collectively, males provisioning nests tended to capture prey: (i) in areas with more large-tree forest, (ii) in areas with more medium trees/medium canopy forest, and (iii) at edges between conifer and hardwood forests. However, when we considered the owl's two key prey species separately, males captured woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) and Humboldt flying squirrels (Glaucomys oregonensis) in areas with markedly different habitat features. Our study provides clarity for forest management in mixed-ownership landscapes because different prey species achieve high densities in different habitat types. Specifically, our results suggest that promoting large trees, increasing forest heterogeneity, and creating canopy gaps in forests with medium trees/high canopy cover could benefit Spotted Owls and their prey, which has the ancillary benefit of enhancing forest resilience. Combining high-resolution GPS tagging with video-based information on prey deliveries to breeding sites can strengthen conservation planning for small predators by more rigorously defining those habitat features that are associated with successful prey acquisition.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Forest structure and heterogeneity increase diversity and alter the composition of host-parasitoid networks

Antagonistic host-parasitoid interactions can be quantified using bipartite and meta networks, which have the potential to reveal how habitat structural elements relate to this important ecosystem function. Here, we analysed the host-parasitoid interactions of cavity-nesting bees and wasps, as well as their abundance, diversity, and species richness with forest structural elements from 127 forest research plots in southwestern Germany. We found that parasitoid abundance, diversity, and species richness all increase with host abundance, a potential mediator between parasitoids and forest structure. Both parasitoid abundance and diversity increased with stand structural complexity, possibly mediated by the abundance of hosts. Additionally, parasitoid abundance increased with increasing standing deadwood and herb cover. The bipartite networks of host-parasitoid interactions showed higher connectance with increasing standing deadwood, herb cover, and host abundance. Analyses of interactions within the host-parasitoid metanetwork revealed that increasing host abundance and decreasing canopy cover diversify the suites of interactions present at the plot level. These results demonstrate that forest structural elements can improve the stability and resilience of host-parasitoid networks by promoting parasitoids and diversifying interactions in ecological networks.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Quantifying the spatial heterogeneity of forest conversion costs and how it relates to biodiversity, conservation and land use history

Description: Start and end dates of salvage logging activity at the SAFE Project experimental siteProject: This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/6">Quantifying the spatial heterogeneity of forest conversion costs and how it relates to biodiversity, conservation and land use history</a>Funding: These data were collected as part of research funded by: <ul><li>Sime Darby (grant)</li></ul>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.Permits: These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:<ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence na)</li></ul>XML metadata: GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3266827">here</a>Files: This dataset consists of 2 files: template_Symes.xlsx, SAFE_COUPE.ziptemplate_Symes.xlsxThis file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:<ol><li>Salvage logging records (described in worksheet Data)Description: Dates of earliest and latest known salvage logging activity in logging coupesNumber of fields: 10Number of data rows: 187Fields: <ul><li>CoupeNumber: Coupe number (Field type: Location)</li><li>StartDateTrack: Earliest date of logging activity recorded through GPS loggers on bulldozers (Field type: Date)</li><li>EndDateTrack: Last date of logging activity recorded through GPS loggers on bulldozers (Field type: Date)</li><li>StartDateLocation: Earliest date of logging activity recorded through 'Location' method (Field type: Date)</li><li>EndDateLocation: Last date of logging activity recorded through 'Location' method (Field type: Date)</li><li>StartDateMeasurement: Earliest date of logging activity recorded through 'Measurement' method (Field type: Date)</li><li>EndDateMeasurement: Last date of logging activity recorded through 'Measurement' method (Field type: Date)</li><li>Contractor: Name of the contractor responsible for the coupe (Field type: ID)</li><li>GlobalStart: Earliest date of any recorded salvage logging activity (Field type: Date)</li><li>GlobalEnd: Last date of any recorded salvage logging activity (Field type: Date)</li></ul></li></ol>SAFE_COUPE.zipDescription: SAFE coupe dataDate range: 2013-01-02 to 2015-12-31Latitudinal extent: 4.5000 to 5.0700Longitudinal extent: 116.7500 to 117.8200

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Fijian sea krait behavior relates to fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity in old‐growth coastal forest: The importance of integrated land–sea management for protecting amphibious animals

Here the data for "Fijian sea krait behaviour relates to fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in old growth forest: the importance of integrated land-sea management for protecting amphibious animals" by Lowe, C., Keppel, G., Waqa, K., Peters, S., Fisher, R.N., Scanlon, A., Osborne-Naikatini, T, and Thomas-Moko, N is provided. This article investigates the habitat of Yellow Lipped Sea Kraits, Laticauda colubrina, in the terrestrial realm on Leluvia Island, a small, topographically flat atoll in Fiji with coastal forest. The investigation uses concurrent microclimate measurements and behaviour surveys, as well as vegetation surveys, and the data collected for these analyses are provided here. Microclimates were significantly related to canopy cover, leaf litter depth, and distance from the high-water mark (HWM). Sea kraits were almost exclusively observed in coastal forest within 30 m of the HWM. Sloughing of skins only occurred within crevices of mature or dying trees. Resting L. colubrina were significantly more likely to occur at locations with higher mean diurnal temperatures, lower leaf litter depths, and shorter distances from the HWM. On Leleuvia, behaviour of L. colubrina therefore relates to environmental heterogeneity created by old-growth coastal forests, particularly canopy cover and crevices in mature and dead tree trunks. The importance of healthy coastal habitats, both terrestrial and marine, for L. colubrina suggests it could be a good flagship species for advocating integrated land-sea management. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of coastal forests and topographically flat atolls for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation management of amphibious species that utilise land- and seascapes is therefore likely to require a holistic approach that incorporates connectivity among ecosystems and environmental heterogeneity at all relevant scales.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data from: Biotic pressures and environmental heterogeneity shape beta-diversity of seedling communities in tropical montane forests

Many theories have been proposed to explain the high diversity of plants in the tropics. However, we lack an understanding of the processes that drive plant diversity and community assembly at different spatial scales. Here, we applied beta-diversity partitioning to test how biotic and abiotic factors are associated with seedling beta-diversity in a tropical montane forest in Southern Ecuador. We recorded seedling communities on 81 subplots at nine plots located at three elevations along a 2000-m elevational gradient. We measured biotic pressures (i.e. herbivory and fungal pathogen attacks) and environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture and canopy closure) at all subplots and related them to species turnover and richness differences in seedling communities within and between elevations. We found that species turnover increased with differences in biotic dissimilarity within elevations, while differences in species richness within elevations increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Between elevations, species turnover increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Our findings show that species turnover and changes in species richness are related differently to abiotic and biotic factors, and that the importance of these factors for shaping seedling diversity is scale-dependent. Our study contributes to better understand the processes driving seedling beta-diversity and the assembly of plant communities in highly diverse tropical montane forests.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Figure 5 in Medium and large sized mammals and the effect of habitat heterogeneity from a Caatinga shrubby forest at Serra de Santa Catarina, Paraíba, Brazil

Figure 5. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling of medium-large mammal community structure according to different phytophysiognomies (a) and presence of water bodies (b), recorded in the Serra de Santa Catarina, Northeast Brazil, between August 2012 and November 2014. The ANOSIM (one-way) analysis showed no difference between phytophysiognomies (R = 0.1124, p> 0.05) and a significant difference between the presence of water bodies (R = 0.3907, p <0.05).

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Figure 4 in Medium and large sized mammals and the effect of habitat heterogeneity from a Caatinga shrubby forest at Serra de Santa Catarina, Paraíba, Brazil

Figure 4. Average of abundance of medium-large mammal species according to different phytophysiognomies (a) and presence of water bodies (b), recorded in the Serra de Santa Catarina, Northeast Brazil, between August 2012 and November 2014. The Mann-Whitney analysis showed no difference between both phytophysiognomies (U = 29.5, p> 0.05) and presence of water bodies (U = 48.5, p> 0.05).