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60 results for “forest mortality”
Data from paper: "Large-scale variations in the dynamics of Amazon forest canopy gaps from airborne lidar data and opportunities for tree mortality estimates"
<p>Data from the paper:</p> <p>Dalagnol, R. <em>et al.</em> Large-scale variations in the dynamics of Amazon forest canopy gaps from airborne lidar data and opportunities for tree mortality estimates. <em>Sci Rep</em> <strong>11, </strong>1388 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80809-w</p> <p>Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-80809-w</p> <p> </p> <p>This repository contains:</p> <p>1) Data frame with data from static and dynamic gaps used in Figure 2 (Dalagnol_2020_Data_Multitemporal_gaps.csv). Each row is the aggregated measurement at 5-km resolution. The site component referes to the five site studied with multitemporal data. Site order from 1 to 5 is DUC, TAP, FN1, BON and TAL.</p> <p>2) Data frame with data from static gaps and environmental factors used in Table 1, Figure 3, 4, 5 (Dalagnol_2020_Data_Singledate_gaps_Modeling.csv). Each row is the aggregated measurement of one site observed by airborne lidar data.</p> <p>3) Raster file at 5-km resolution with dynamic gap fraction estimates presented in Figure 5 (dynamic_gap_fraction_amazon.tif).</p> <p> </p> <p>If you need anything else, please contact the corresponding author: Ricardo Dalagnol (ricds@hotmail.com).</p>
Tree mortality in Forest and Biodiversity 2: a tree diversity experiment to understand the consequences of multiple dimensions of diversity and composition for long-term ecosystem function and resilience
The Forest and Biodiversity (FAB2) experiment uses native tree species in varying levels of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity planted in 100 m2 and 400 m2 plots at 1 m spacing, appropriate for testing long-term ecosystem consequences. FAB2 was designed and established in conjunction with a prior experiment (FAB1) in which the same set of twelve species was planted in 16 m2 plots at 0.5 m spacing. Both are adjacent to the BioDIV prairie-grassland diversity experiment, enabling comparative investigations of diversity and ecosystem function relationships between experimental grasslands and forests at different planting densities and plot sizes. This data package examines mortality in the first six years of the experiment.
Increased Central European forest mortality explained by higher harvest rates driven by enhanced productivity
<p># Increased Central European forest mortality explained by higher harvest rates driven by enhanced productivity</p> <p>## Author<br> Marieke Scheel, Lund University, Sweden, marieke.scheel@gmail.com</p> <p>## Description<br> Data underlying analysis in:<br> Marieke Scheel, Mats Lindeskog, Benjamin Smith, Susanne Suvanto, Thomas A. M. Pugh<br> Increased Central European forest mortality explained by higher harvest rates driven by enhanced productivity<br> Scripts underlying analysis:<br> https://github.com/mariekesche/harvest_driven_canopy_mortality</p> <p>Folder: harvest_checks<br> - NFI_Germany.txt, National Forest Index data from Germany as difference between inventories in 200-2003 and 2011-2013, values are given as fraction, n: number of NFI plots in a grid cell, HARVEST_ALL: clear-cut harvest, HARVEST_PARTIAL: thinning harvest, NATDEAD: natural dead (not harvested)</p> <p>Folder: manag_climfix (S_man,clim)<br> - cflux_forest_rel.txt, Net Primary Production (NPP) values of forests in kg [C]/ m^2 year (column 4)<br> - crownloss.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year<br> - diam_crownarea.txt, total m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground per year split into DBH classes</p> <p>Folder: manag_co2fix (S_man,CO2)<br> - cflux_forest_rel.txt, Net Primary Production (NPP) values of forests in kg [C]/ m^2 year (column 4)<br> - crownloss.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year<br> - diam_crownarea.txt, total m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground per year split into DBH classes</p> <p>Folder: manag_ndepfix (S_man,N)<br> - cflux_forest_rel.txt, Net Primary Production (NPP) values of forests in kg [C]/ m^2 year (column 4)<br> - crownloss.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year<br> - diam_crownarea.txt, total m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground per year split into DBH classes</p> <p>Folder: manag_nofix (S_man)<br> - cflux_forest_rel.txt, Net Primary Production (NPP) values of forests in kg [C]/ m^2 year (column 4)<br> - closs.txt, biomass loss in kg [C]/m^2 year split into DBH classes<br> - closs_harv.txt, biomass loss due to harvest in kg [C]/m^2 year split into DBH classes<br> - cpool_forest_rel.txt, biomass of forests in kg [C]/m^2 year<br> - crownloss.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year<br> - crownloss_age.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to age<br> - crownloss_dist.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to disturbance<br> - crownloss_fire.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to fire disturbance<br> - crownloss_greff.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to growth efficiency<br> - crownloss_harv.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to harvest<br> - crownloss_other.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to other reasons<br> - crownloss_thin.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to natural thinning<br> - diam_cmass_wood.txt, wooden biomass in kg [C]/m^2 year split into DBH classes<br> - diam_crownarea.txt, total m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground per year split into DBH classes<br> - diam_dens.txt, total number of trees/m^2 year split into DBH classes<br> - stemloss.txt, number of trees/m^2 year lost in respective cells<br> - stemloss_harv.txt, number of trees/m^2 year lost in respective cells due to harvest</p> <p>Folder: manag_nothin (S_nothin)<br> - cflux_forest_rel.txt, Net Primary Production (NPP) values of forests in kg [C]/ m^2 year (column 4)<br> - crownloss.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year<br> - diam_cmass_wood.txt, wooden biomass in kg [C]/m^2 year split into DBH classes<br> - diam_crownarea.txt, total m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground per year<br> - lai.txt, leaf area index (LAI) for simulated species and plant functional types (PFTs)</p> <p>Folder: PNV (S_PNV)<br> - cflux.txt, Net Primary Production (NPP) values in kg [C]/ m^2 year (column 4)<br> - crownloss.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year<br> - crownloss_age.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to age<br> - crownloss_dist.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to disturbance<br> - crownloss_fire.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to fire disturbance<br> - crownloss_greff.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to growth efficiency<br> - crownloss_other.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to other reasons<br> - crownloss_thin.txt, m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground lost per year due to natural thinning<br> - diam_cmass_wood.txt, wooden biomass in kg [C]/m^2 year split into DBH classes<br> - diam_crownarea.txt, total m^2 of crown/m^2 of ground per year split into DBH classes</p> <p>Folder: dependencies<br> - gridlist.txt, coordinates of 0.5°x0.5° grid cells that simulations were run on; longitude, latitude, FAO number, size in m^2<br> - landcover_eu.txt, input file LPJ-GUESS model showing changes from natural to forest (harvest); longitude, latitude, year, natural, forest, barren</p> <p>## Dependencies<br> - canopy mortality rates published in "Senf C Pflugmacher D Zhiqiang Y Sebald J Knorn J Neumann M Hostert P and Seidl R 2018 Canopy mortality has doubled in Europe’s temperate forests over the last three decades Nature Communications 9 4978 10.1038/s41467-018-07539-6"<br> - harvest removal rates published in "Ceccherini G Duveiller G Grassi G Lemoine G Avitabile V Pilli R and Cescatti A 2020<br> Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe after 2015 Nature 583 72-77 10.1038/s41586-020-2438-y"<br> - FAO forest removal area data data retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GF (24.07.2021), modified for overview (1st column: Area Code, 2nd column: Year, 3rd column: Area in 1000 ha)</p>
R codes from: Breakdown of the growth–mortality trade-off along a soil phosphorus gradient in diverse neotropical forest
<p><span>An ecological paradigm predicts that plant species adapted to low resource availability grow slower and live longer than those adapted to high resource availability when growing together. We tested this by using hierarchical Bayesian analysis to quantify variations in growth and mortality of ~ 40,000 individual trees from > 400 species in response to limiting resources in the tropical forests of Panama. In contrast to theoretical expectations of the growth–mortality paradigm, we find that tropical tree species restricted to low-phosphorus soils simultaneously achieve faster growth rates and lower mortality rates than species restricted to high-phosphorus soils. This result demonstrates that adaptation to phosphorus limitation in diverse plant communities modifies the growth–mortality trade-off, with important implications for understanding long-term ecosystem dynamics.</span></p>
R codes from: Breakdown of the growth–mortality trade-off along a soil phosphorus gradient in diverse neotropical forest
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Recent tree mortality dampens semi-arid forest die-off during subsequent drought
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Fine root production and mortality from minirhizotrons at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
This data set reports observations of fine root growth, mortality and lifespan in the mature forest. The lifespan data can be combined with fine root biomass data to estimate fine root production in the forests (Fahey et al. 2005). This data set was from reference plots for a snow manipulation experiment and the results are summarized in Tierney et al. (2001). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data from: Distance-dependent seedling mortality and long-term spacing dynamics in a neotropical forest community
Negative distance dependence (NDisD), or reduced recruitment near adult conspecifics, is thought to explain the astounding diversity of tropical forests. While many studies show greater mortality at near vs. far distances from adults, these studies do not seek to track changes in the peak seedling curve over time, thus limiting our ability to link NDisD to coexistence. Using census data collected over 12 years from central Panama in conjunction with spatial mark-connection functions, we show evidence for NDisD for many species, and find that the peak seedling curve shifts away from conspecific adults over time. We find wide variation in the strength of NDisD, which was correlated with seed size and canopy position, but other life-history traits showed no relationship with variation in NDisD mortality. Our results document shifts in peak seedling densities over time, thus providing evidence for the hypothesized spacing mechanism necessary for diversity maintenance in tropical forests.
Data from: Long-term climate and competition explain forest mortality patterns under extreme drought
Rising temperatures are amplifying drought-induced stress and mortality in forests globally. It remains uncertain, however, whether tree mortality across drought-stricken landscapes will be concentrated in particular climatic and competitive environments. We investigated the effects of long-term average climate [i.e. 35-year mean annual climatic water deficit (CWD)] and competition (i.e. tree basal area) on tree mortality patterns, using extensive aerial mortality surveys conducted throughout the forests of California during a 4-year statewide extreme drought lasting from 2012 to 2015. During this period, tree mortality increased by an order of magnitude, typically from tens to hundreds of dead trees per km2, rising dramatically during the fourth year of drought. Mortality rates increased independently with average CWD and with basal area, and they increased disproportionately in areas that were both dry and dense. These results can assist forest managers and policy-makers in identifying the most drought-vulnerable forests across broad geographic areas.
Data from: Disentangling competitive versus climatic drivers of tropical forest mortality
1. Tropical forest mortality is controlled by biotic and abiotic processes, but how these processes interact to determine forest structure is not well understood. Using long-term demography data from permanent forest plots at the Paracou Tropical Forest Research Station in French Guiana, we analyzed the relative influence of competition and climate on tree mortality. We found that self-thinning is evident at the stand level, and is associated with clumped mortality at smaller scales (< 2 m) and regular spacing of living trees at intermediate (2.5-7.5 m) scales. A competition index based on spatial clustering of dead trees was used to build predictive mortality models, which also accounted for climate interactions. 2. The model that most closely fitted observations included both the competition index and climatic variables, with climate-only and competition-only models performing worse than the full model. There was strong evidence for size-specific mortality, with highest mortality for small and very large trees, as well as sensitivity of trees to drought, especially when temperatures were high, and when soils were water saturated. The effect of the competition index was more complex than expected a priori: a higher CI index was associated with lower mortality odds, which we hypothesize is caused by gap-phase dynamics, but there was also evidence for competition-induced mortality at very high index values. 3. The strong signature of competition as a control over mortality at the stand and individual scales confirms that it plays a very important role in determining tropical forest structure. The complexity of the competition-mortality relationship and its interaction with climate indicates that a thorough consideration of the scale of analysis is needed when inferring the role of competition in tropical forests, but demonstrates that climate-only mortality models can be significantly improved by including competition effects, even when ignoring species-specific effects. 4. Synthesis Empirical models such as the one developed here can help constrain and improve process-based vegetation models, serving both as a benchmark and as a means to disentangle mortality processes. Tropical ecosystem dynamic models would benefit greatly from explicitly considering the role of competition in stand development and self-thinning while modeling demography, as well as its interaction with climate.
Climate‐driven tree growth and mortality in the Black Forest, Germany: Long‐term observations
<p>Episodic tree mortality can be caused by various reasons. This study describes climate‐driven tree mortality and tree growth in the Black Forest mountain range in Germany. It is based on a 68‐year consistent data series describing the annual mortality of all trees growing in a forest area of almost 250 thousand ha. The study excludes mortality caused by storm, snow and ice, and fire. The sequence of the remaining mortality, the so‐called "desiccated trees," is analyzed and compared with the sequence of the climatic water balance during the growing season and the annual radial growth of Norway spruce in the Black Forest. The annual radial growth series covers 121 years and the climatic water balance series 140 years. These unique time series enable a quantitative assessment of multidecadal drought and heat impacts on growth and mortality of forest trees on a regional spatial scale. Data compiled here suggest that the mortality of desiccated trees in the Black Forest during the last 68 years is driven by the climatic water balance. Decreasing climatic water balance coincided with an increase in tree mortality and growth decline. Consecutive hot and dry summers enhance mortality and growth decline as a consequence of drought legacies lasting several years. The sensitivity of tree growth and mortality to changes in the climatic water balance increases with the decreasing trend of the climatic water balance. The findings identify the climatic water balance as the main driver of mortality and growth variation during the 68‐year observation period on a landscape‐scale including a variety of different sites. They suggest that bark beetle population dynamics modify mortality rates. They as well provide evidence that the mortality during the last 140 years never was as high as in the most recent years.</p>
Data from: Positive effects of tree species diversity on productivity switch to negative after severe drought mortality in a temperate forest experiment
<p>Synthesis of a large body of evidence from field experiments suggests more diverse plant communities are both more productive as well as more resistant to the effects of climatic extremes like drought. However, this view is strongly based on data from grasslands due to limited empirical evidence from tree diversity experiments. Here we report on the relationship between tree diversity and productivity over ten years in a field experiment established in 2005 that was then affected by the 2018 megadrought in central Europe. Across a number of years, tree species diversity and productivity were significantly positively related, however, the slope switched to negative in the year of the drought. Net diversity effects increased through time, with complementarity making greater continuations to the net diversity effect than selection effects. Complementarity was clearly positive (95 % credible interval) in three and five species mixtures before the drought (2012-2016) but was found to decrease in the year of the drought. Selection effects were clearly positive in 2016, and remained positive in 2018, the drought year in two, three, and five species mixtures. Survival of the Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) plummeted during drought and a negative relationship between species diversity and spruce survival was found. Our findings suggest that tree diversity per se may not buffer communities against the impacts of extreme drought and that tree species composition and the drought tolerance of tree species (i.e., species identity) will be important determinants of community productivity as the prevalence of drought increases.</p>
Data from: Can faster growth compensate for increased mortality in subtropical dry forest fragments?
<p>Capturing the effects of fragmentation and ongoing changing climate on the population dynamics of long-lived trees requires long-term datasets, but these are uncommon in rainforests and dry forests outside of the tropics. This study capitalised on nine 0.04-ha permanent plots established in 1982 within corridors of old-growth subtropical dry forest (Araucarian vine forest) retained as fire breaks within forestry plantations in Imbil (southern Queensland, Australia). Tree diameter growth and survival were censused in 1997 and 2021, resulting in two monitoring periods.</p> <p>The most recent period was associated with an increasing trend in vapour-pressure deficit (VPD). Consistent with this trend, we found that survival was substantially lower across all size classes in the second period. Mortality-induced reductions in stem density were associated with faster growth rates in all but the largest stems in the second period. Growth was also moderately faster in plots near forest edges in the second period. The richness of obligate understory species declined significantly by an average of 1.44 species over the 40-year study period.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: Overall, our results are consistent with increasing tree mortality rates reported recently for the Australian wet tropics and suggest widespread and alarming impacts of increasing VPD on rainforest and dry forest community dynamics. To increase forest resilience in a changing climate, we recommend the retention of a buffer of plantation trees adjacent to old growth forest corridors; widening the forest corridors using faster-growing species identified in this study and maintaining connections between scrub breaks and larger tracts of forest for species dispersal.</p>
Decomposition of bark beetle-attacked trees after mortality varies across forests
<p>Data are from a 2 year experiment examining differences in decomposition processes between bark beetle-attacked trees and trees not attacked by bark beetles in three sites spanning a broad geographic area. Specifically, in Honduras, and Mississippi and Arizona, USA, we felled one recently bark beetle-attacked and one apparently healthy conspecific tree at each site that was cut into 120 experimental logs. Logs of each tree (attacked or unattacked) were assigned one of three metal mesh covering treatments: 1) fully covered to exclude all macroinvertebrates, 2) covered from above to exclude secondary bark beetle colonization, 3) no cover to allow all detrital food web organisms. Half of all logs at each site was collected after 1 and 2 years and the density loss, insect visual damage rating, and abundance of termites, ants, and beetles was measured.</p>
Data from: Parasites, depredators, and limited resources as potential drivers of winter mortality of feral honeybee colonies in German forests
<p>Wild honeybees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) are considered extinct in most parts of Europe. The likely causes of their decline include increased parasite burden, lack of high-quality nesting sites and associated depredation pressure, and food scarcity. In Germany, feral honeybees still colonize managed forests, but their survival rate is too low to maintain viable populations. Based on colony observations collected during a monitoring study, data on parasite prevalence, experiments on nest depredation, and analyses of land cover maps, we explored whether parasite pressure, depredation or expected landscape-level food availability explain feral colony winter mortality. Considering the colony-level occurrence of 18 microparasites in the previous summer, colonies that died did not have a higher parasite burden than colonies that survived. Camera traps installed at cavity trees revealed that four woodpecker species, great tits, and pine martens act as nest depredators. In a depredator exclusion experiment, the winter survival rate of colonies in cavities with protected entrances was 50% higher than that of colonies with unmanipulated entrances. Landscapes surrounding surviving colonies contained on average 6.4 percentage points more cropland than landscapes surrounding dying colonies, with cropland being known to disproportionately provide forage for bees in our study system. We conclude that the lack of spacious but well-protected nesting cavities and the shortage of food are currently more important than parasites in limiting populations of wild-living honeybees in German forests. Increasing the density and diversity of large tree cavities and promoting bee forage plants in forests will probably promote wild-living honeybees despite parasite pressure.</p>
Data from: Distance-dependent seedling mortality and long-term spacing dynamics in a neotropical forest community
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Data from: Disentangling competitive versus climatic drivers of tropical forest mortality
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Exploring the role of genetic diversity and relatedness in tree seedling growth and mortality: a multi‐species study in a Bornean rain forest
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Data from: Long-term climate and competition explain forest mortality patterns under extreme drought
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Climate change aggravates bird mortality in pristine tropical forests
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