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13 results for “fossil eggshell”
FIGURE 9 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 9. Cross-plot of oxygen and carbon isotope values from fossil eggshells and sediment, base of the Dart Pinnacle, Taung. There is a high degree of consistency between replicate samples, and each eggshell fragment shows a distinct isotopic signature, indicating that the eggshells are derived from different individuals (with the possible exception of TDES 2 & TDES 3). The δ13C values indicate that all eggshells have a predominantly C4 (savannah grass) dietary signal, with the exception of T93-17 which has a pure (or almost pure) C3 diet.
FIGURE 4 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 4. All specimens, both extant eggs and fossil eggshells, showing surface morphology at 57X magnification.
FIGURE 5 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 5. Renderings of fossil eggshell fragments embedded in matrix (1-2) and indication of the internal boundary between eggshell and matrix (3-4). Images 1 and 3 are fossil eggshell fragment T92-88, and images 2 and 4 are fossil eggshell fragment T93-17. Note the relatively consistent thickness at the edges and how this maintained surface curvatures indicated by the external surfaces.
FIGURE 6. Fossil eggshell fragments T92-88 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 6. Fossil eggshell fragments T92-88 (blue) and T93-17 (yellow) fit to eggs from five extant birds. Fits depicted visually in the figure (rigidly constrained size) correspond to root mean square (RMS) values reported in Table 2. Note that visual correspondence supports quantification of RMS values in that fossil eggshell fragment T92-88 fits best with the blunt pole of the extant guinea fowl egg. Extant black eagle (blunt pole) and giant eagle owl (apical pole) eggs provide the next closest, but still worse fits. Fossil eggshell fragment T93-17 fits best with the equatorial region of the black eagle egg. The extant guinea fowl egg provides the next closest fit for fossil eggshell fragment T93-17.
FIGURE 8 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 8. (1) Fossilized eggshell fragments T92-88 (blue) and T93-17 (yellow) indicating best fit to the same black eagle egg as illustrated in Figure 6, plus six additional black eagle eggs. Note despite intraspecific variability in egg shape, the fits are quite similar (also see Table 3). This suggests even accounting for intraspecific variability in egg shape Results in Table 2 should be robust. (2) Fossil eggshell fragments T92-88 (blue) and T93-17 (yellow) indicating best fit to the same guinea fowl egg as illustrated in Figure 6 (far left), plus four additional guinea fowl eggs. Note that despite intraspecific variability in egg shape, the fits are quite consistent (also see Table 3). This suggests that even accounting for intraspecific variability in egg shape results of the surface curvature analyses are robust.
FIGURE 2 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 2. All specimens, both extant eggs and fossil eggshells, showing surface morphology at 6.3X magnification.
FIGURE 3 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 3. All specimens, both extant eggs and fossil eggshells, showing surface morphology at 12.5X magnification.
Data for: Novel quantification of eggshell surfaces in Dromaius novaehollandiae with implications for the fossil eggshells of Oviraptorosauria (Dinosauria)
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FIGURE 7 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 7. Representative SEM results from one (TDES 3) of the fossil eggshells.
FIGURE 1. Fossil eggs from Taung, T92-88 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 1. Fossil eggs from Taung, T92-88 on the right and T93-17 on the left.
Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird
<p>Madagascar's extinct elephant birds are the least studied of the ratites, yet in recent years have proven to be critical for understanding the evolution of all birds. With large spatio-temporal gaps in the fossil record and poor biomolecular preservation of skeletal specimens, the systematics of these flightless giants remains controversial. Here, we overcome these limitations using a comprehensive molecular analysis of 1000-year-old fossil eggshells to provide the first description of elephant bird phylogeography and reveal new insights into the ecology of the world's largest birds. High-throughput sequencing of 21 mitochondrial genomes from across Madagascar reveals genetic variation that is correlated with eggshell morphology, stable isotope composition, and geographic distribution. The elephant bird crown is dated to ca. 30 Mya during the Eocene-Oligocene, a period of marked global cooling when Madagascar's local palaeoclimate is estimated to have become less arid as the island moved northward. High levels of between-clade genetic variation argue for the reclassification of Mullerornis into a new family. Low levels of within-clade genetic variation are unexpected and suggest that there were only two elephant bird genera, with one species per genus existing in southern Madagascar during the Holocene. However, we reveal a newly discovered eggshell collection from Madagascar's far north that is phylogenetically, morphologically, and ecologically distinct, representing a unique lineage of <em>Aepyornis</em>. Furthermore, molecular dating estimates that divergence within <em>Aepyornis</em> coincides with the aridification of Madagascar during the early Pleistocene ca. 1.5 Ma, and is consistent with the fragmentation of populations in the highlands driving diversification, as well as the evolution of extreme gigantism over short timescales. Molecular analysis thus provides the first insight into elephant bird speciation, and we advocate for a revision of their taxonomy that integrates palaeogenomic and palaeoecological perspectives.</p>
Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird
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Mussentuchit member fossil eggshell light microscope photographs and corresponding metrics
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