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Text-fig. 1. Situation of Early Miocene plant localities. a: Central Europe with Brno area and other fossil sites mentioned in text (1 – Znojmo and Přímětice, 2 – Oberdorf, 3 – Modrý Kameň Basin, 4 – Lipovany, 5 – Ipolytarnóc; CZ – the Czech Republic, PL – Poland, SK – Slovakia, H – Hungary, A – Austria, D – Germany). b: Brno area with Líšeň municipal district indicated. c: Líšeň municipal district with fossil sites indicated by asterisk. in A New Early Miocene (Ottnangian) Flora Of The "Rzehakia Beds" From Brno-Líšeň

Text-fig. 1. Situation of Early Miocene plant localities. a: Central Europe with Brno area and other fossil sites mentioned in text (1 – Znojmo and Přímětice, 2 – Oberdorf, 3 – Modrý Kameň Basin, 4 – Lipovany, 5 – Ipolytarnóc; CZ – the Czech Republic, PL – Poland, SK – Slovakia, H – Hungary, A – Austria, D – Germany). b: Brno area with Líšeň municipal district indicated. c: Líšeň municipal district with fossil sites indicated by asterisk.

Figure 1 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 1. Exemplars of the plant hosts analyzed in this study. (a) Taeniopteris from Mitchell Creek Flats, specimen USNM-612206. (b) Zeilleropteris from Mitchell Creek Flats, specimen USNM-612216. (c) Auritifolia waggoneri from Colwell Creek Pond, specimen USNM-559854. (d) Taeniopteris from Colwell Creek Pond, specimen USNM-559818. (e) Johniphyllum multinerve from South Ash Pasture, specimen USNM-520377. (f) Euparyphoselis gibsonii from South Ash Pasture, specimen USNM-520383.

Figure 4 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 4. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different specimen area restrictions, for the four primarily and secondarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by fewer than 400 specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated for the complete dataset, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals for the complete dataset. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.

Figure 7 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 7. Surface area of individual specimens ordered by area for the two forms of Johniphyllum multinerve at SAP.

Figure 3 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 3. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different specimen area restrictions, for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated for the complete dataset, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals for the complete dataset. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.

Figure 6 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 6. Surface area of individual specimens, ordered by area for each plant host, for Auritifolia waggoneri and Taeniopteris spp. of CCP and Johniphyllum multinerve at SAP.

Figure 8 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 8. The DT diversity and the herbivory index of each specimen, plotted against its surface area.

Figure 5 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 5. Sequential increases in sample size, starting with the largest specimens, for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens.

Figure 2 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?

Figure 2. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different subsampling routines for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated from the complete datasets, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals calculated from the complete datasets. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.

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Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013). in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013).

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.

Text-fig. 1. Locality map with the approximate extent of Clarkia Lake during Miocene times in what is today northern Idaho, USA. Black dots mark three of the localities yielding the Miocene Clarkia flora; the fossil leaf of Nymphaea sp. described here comes from locality P-33. Other symbols: Dashed lines for county boundaries; a thin dotted line for Idaho State Hwy 3; a triangle for the local peak of Bechtel Butte; and a star for the town of Clarkia. Inset: Location of the map in northern Idaho. Abbreviations: WA – Washington state, OR – Oregon, ID – Idaho, MT – Montana. Map redrawn from Ladderud et al. (2015). in First Water Lily, A Leaf Of Nymphaea Sp., From The Miocene Clarkia Flora, Northern Idaho, Usa: Occurrence, Taphonomic Observations, Floristic Implications

Text-fig. 1. Locality map with the approximate extent of Clarkia Lake during Miocene times in what is today northern Idaho, USA. Black dots mark three of the localities yielding the Miocene Clarkia flora; the fossil leaf of Nymphaea sp. described here comes from locality P-33. Other symbols: Dashed lines for county boundaries; a thin dotted line for Idaho State Hwy 3; a triangle for the local peak of Bechtel Butte; and a star for the town of Clarkia. Inset: Location of the map in northern Idaho. Abbreviations: WA – Washington state, OR – Oregon, ID – Idaho, MT – Montana. Map redrawn from Ladderud et al. (2015).

Text-fig. 2. Nymphaea sp. from the Miocene Clarkia Lake flora, Locality P-33. a: Photograph of the fossil leaf. b: Sketch of leaf showing the salient features of shape, basal lobes and margin, eccentric insertion point of the abaxial petiole, and primary actinodromous venation. Dashed lines represent torn edge of lamina; dotted line is outline of right basal lobe. Line drawing by P. Martin Sander. Scale bar applies to both photo and drawing. in First Water Lily, A Leaf Of Nymphaea Sp., From The Miocene Clarkia Flora, Northern Idaho, Usa: Occurrence, Taphonomic Observations, Floristic Implications

Text-fig. 2. Nymphaea sp. from the Miocene Clarkia Lake flora, Locality P-33. a: Photograph of the fossil leaf. b: Sketch of leaf showing the salient features of shape, basal lobes and margin, eccentric insertion point of the abaxial petiole, and primary actinodromous venation. Dashed lines represent torn edge of lamina; dotted line is outline of right basal lobe. Line drawing by P. Martin Sander. Scale bar applies to both photo and drawing.

Text-fig. 3. Examples of plant macrofossil assemblages from post-evaporitic sections. a: bedding plane from Ciabòt Cagna covered by impressions of plant parts, with dominance of leaves of cf. Oleinites liguricus M.SACHSE, MCEA-P05038. b: waterloggedcompressed seeds of Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J.GREGOR sieved out of a bulk sediment sample from Pollenzo, MGPTPU141033. c: millimeter-sized, waterlogged-compressed seeds of Sambucus pulchella C.REID et E.REID with abundant cracks, probably formed during both diagenesis and extraction of the fossils (bulk sediment sample from Ciabòt Cagna), MGPT- in Late Messinian Flora From The Post-Evaporitic Deposits Of The Piedmont Basin (Northwest Italy)

Text-fig. 3. Examples of plant macrofossil assemblages from post-evaporitic sections. a: bedding plane from Ciabòt Cagna covered by impressions of plant parts, with dominance of leaves of cf. Oleinites liguricus M.SACHSE, MCEA-P05038. b: waterloggedcompressed seeds of Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J.GREGOR sieved out of a bulk sediment sample from Pollenzo, MGPTPU141033. c: millimeter-sized, waterlogged-compressed seeds of Sambucus pulchella C.REID et E.REID with abundant cracks, probably formed during both diagenesis and extraction of the fossils (bulk sediment sample from Ciabòt Cagna), MGPT-

Text-fig. 3. "Rzehakia beds" at Líšeň-Neklež locality. 1 – topsoil, 2 – greenish-gray clay, locally yellow-brown, 3 – ochre-brown coarse sand, 4 – conglomerate with clasts of granodiorite, 5 – grey-brown medium-grained sand, 6 – light yellowish fine sand, 7 – re-sedimented red-brown eluvium of granodiorite, 8 – re-sedimented red-brown granodiorite debris, 9 – granodiorite, 10 – fossil macroflora. in A New Early Miocene (Ottnangian) Flora Of The "Rzehakia Beds" From Brno-Líšeň

Text-fig. 3. "Rzehakia beds" at Líšeň-Neklež locality. 1 – topsoil, 2 – greenish-gray clay, locally yellow-brown, 3 – ochre-brown coarse sand, 4 – conglomerate with clasts of granodiorite, 5 – grey-brown medium-grained sand, 6 – light yellowish fine sand, 7 – re-sedimented red-brown eluvium of granodiorite, 8 – re-sedimented red-brown granodiorite debris, 9 – granodiorite, 10 – fossil macroflora.

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest.

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).

Text-fig. 3. Litho- and biostratigraphic position of fossil floras treated herein, based on lithostratigraphic standard section of upper Oligocene and Miocene in central and eastern Germany (Standke et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2020); only exception from standard section: ** – Thierbach Member restricted to central Germany, replaces Branitz Member in eastern Germany; correlated to global scale of International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02 (Cohen et al. 2013); maximum age ranges of sites/floras indicated by black bars; floristic complexes according to definitions by Mai and Walther 1991 for upper Oligocene, Mai 2000b, 2001b for Miocene; age range of MCO from Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 3. Litho- and biostratigraphic position of fossil floras treated herein, based on lithostratigraphic standard section of upper Oligocene and Miocene in central and eastern Germany (Standke et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2020); only exception from standard section: ** – Thierbach Member restricted to central Germany, replaces Branitz Member in eastern Germany; correlated to global scale of International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02 (Cohen et al. 2013); maximum age ranges of sites/floras indicated by black bars; floristic complexes according to definitions by Mai and Walther 1991 for upper Oligocene, Mai 2000b, 2001b for Miocene; age range of MCO from Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021.

Text-fig. 2. Kaolin clay pit at hill Hasenberg in Wiesa, Saxony, Germany; view of southern high wall, showing deeply weathered late Early Miocene lignite seam by dark brown color in center (photographed 2015). Fossil-bearing strata were reported (e.g., Mai 1964) as below lignite seam, but this horizon does actually not crop out (also evidenced by new drillings, communicated by Dr. Jochen Rascher, GEOMONTAN GmbH company, Freiberg/Sa., Germany). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 2. Kaolin clay pit at hill Hasenberg in Wiesa, Saxony, Germany; view of southern high wall, showing deeply weathered late Early Miocene lignite seam by dark brown color in center (photographed 2015). Fossil-bearing strata were reported (e.g., Mai 1964) as below lignite seam, but this horizon does actually not crop out (also evidenced by new drillings, communicated by Dr. Jochen Rascher, GEOMONTAN GmbH company, Freiberg/Sa., Germany).

Text-fig. 1. Location of Wiesa fossil site in eastern Germany and other fossil sites for comparison. Explanation for map b: all fossil sites – black circles; grey circles – cities; topographic names in italics – German states (Länder). For bio- and lithostratigraphic data of fossil sites, see chapter Methodologies and material and Text-fig. 3. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 1. Location of Wiesa fossil site in eastern Germany and other fossil sites for comparison. Explanation for map b: all fossil sites – black circles; grey circles – cities; topographic names in italics – German states (Länder). For bio- and lithostratigraphic data of fossil sites, see chapter Methodologies and material and Text-fig. 3.