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Text-fig. 1. Situation of Early Miocene plant localities. a: Central Europe with Brno area and other fossil sites mentioned in text (1 – Znojmo and Přímětice, 2 – Oberdorf, 3 – Modrý Kameň Basin, 4 – Lipovany, 5 – Ipolytarnóc; CZ – the Czech Republic, PL – Poland, SK – Slovakia, H – Hungary, A – Austria, D – Germany). b: Brno area with Líšeň municipal district indicated. c: Líšeň municipal district with fossil sites indicated by asterisk. in A New Early Miocene (Ottnangian) Flora Of The "Rzehakia Beds" From Brno-Líšeň
Text-fig. 1. Situation of Early Miocene plant localities. a: Central Europe with Brno area and other fossil sites mentioned in text (1 – Znojmo and Přímětice, 2 – Oberdorf, 3 – Modrý Kameň Basin, 4 – Lipovany, 5 – Ipolytarnóc; CZ – the Czech Republic, PL – Poland, SK – Slovakia, H – Hungary, A – Austria, D – Germany). b: Brno area with Líšeň municipal district indicated. c: Líšeň municipal district with fossil sites indicated by asterisk.
Text-fig. 4. Lepidocarpon cone in the process of disaggregating as part of the dispersal strategy of the plants. When preserved isolated, the sporophylls are assigned to the fossil-genus Lepidostrobophyllum. Refigured from Thomas (1981). Grovesend Formation (upper Asrturian – lower Moscovian), Kilmersdon Tip, Radstock Coalfield, UK; Natural History Museum (London) specimen V.60431. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 4. Lepidocarpon cone in the process of disaggregating as part of the dispersal strategy of the plants. When preserved isolated, the sporophylls are assigned to the fossil-genus Lepidostrobophyllum. Refigured from Thomas (1981). Grovesend Formation (upper Asrturian – lower Moscovian), Kilmersdon Tip, Radstock Coalfield, UK; Natural History Museum (London) specimen V.60431.
Text-fig. 2. The distinction between fossil plants (a) and plant fossils (b). a: Reconstruction of a late Carboniferous arborescent lycopsid, often referred to as the Lepidodendron-tree; artwork by A. Townsend (formerly of National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK; see Townsend et al. 1998); b: Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB.; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.88. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 2. The distinction between fossil plants (a) and plant fossils (b). a: Reconstruction of a late Carboniferous arborescent lycopsid, often referred to as the Lepidodendron-tree; artwork by A. Townsend (formerly of National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK; see Townsend et al. 1998); b: Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB.; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.88.
Text-fig. 1. The pioneers of scientific palaeobotany whose ideas laid the foundations of how we now name plant fossil-taxa. a: Ernst von Schlotheim (1764 – 1821); b: Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (1761 – 1837), reproduced by permission from J. Kvaček (National Museum, Prague); c: Adolphe Brongniart (1801 – 1876). Adapted from Cleal and Thomas (2019: fig. 2.1). in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 1. The pioneers of scientific palaeobotany whose ideas laid the foundations of how we now name plant fossil-taxa. a: Ernst von Schlotheim (1764 – 1821); b: Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (1761 – 1837), reproduced by permission from J. Kvaček (National Museum, Prague); c: Adolphe Brongniart (1801 – 1876). Adapted from Cleal and Thomas (2019: fig. 2.1).
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.
Text-fig. 3. Examples of plant macrofossil assemblages from post-evaporitic sections. a: bedding plane from Ciabòt Cagna covered by impressions of plant parts, with dominance of leaves of cf. Oleinites liguricus M.SACHSE, MCEA-P05038. b: waterloggedcompressed seeds of Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J.GREGOR sieved out of a bulk sediment sample from Pollenzo, MGPTPU141033. c: millimeter-sized, waterlogged-compressed seeds of Sambucus pulchella C.REID et E.REID with abundant cracks, probably formed during both diagenesis and extraction of the fossils (bulk sediment sample from Ciabòt Cagna), MGPT- in Late Messinian Flora From The Post-Evaporitic Deposits Of The Piedmont Basin (Northwest Italy)
Text-fig. 3. Examples of plant macrofossil assemblages from post-evaporitic sections. a: bedding plane from Ciabòt Cagna covered by impressions of plant parts, with dominance of leaves of cf. Oleinites liguricus M.SACHSE, MCEA-P05038. b: waterloggedcompressed seeds of Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J.GREGOR sieved out of a bulk sediment sample from Pollenzo, MGPTPU141033. c: millimeter-sized, waterlogged-compressed seeds of Sambucus pulchella C.REID et E.REID with abundant cracks, probably formed during both diagenesis and extraction of the fossils (bulk sediment sample from Ciabòt Cagna), MGPT-
Text-fig. 2. Map of the Bolca area, showing all the relevant fossil sites, and map of Italy, with the Bolca area marked by a star. in A Whole-Plant Specimen Of The Marine Macroalga Pterigophycos From The Eocene Of Bolca (Veneto, N-Italy)
Text-fig. 2. Map of the Bolca area, showing all the relevant fossil sites, and map of Italy, with the Bolca area marked by a star.
FIGURE 2. Representative Catlins Coast fossil locality photographs. 1 in Middle-Late Jurassic plant assemblages of the Catlins coast, New Zealand
FIGURE 2. Representative Catlins Coast fossil locality photographs. 1. The Chasm. Fossils are from loose blocks at the base of the cliffs. 2. Little Beach. Note tree trunk to left of rock hammer, associated with soil (arrowed) 3. Boat Harbour. Approximate location of fossil site arrowed. 4. Otara Beach. Note tree stump (arrowed).
Text-fig. 11. Geological map south of the Nel'ma Bay. 1 - granodiorite (Early Palaeogene); 2 – Eocene andesitic and dacitic tuff with plant-bearing argillitic lenses; 3 – Late Eocene to Early Miocene andesite-basalt (Kizi Volcanic Group); 4 – tuffogenous sedimentary plant-bearing lenses with plant fossils; 5 – Dacite neck (Early Oligocene) 1 km south of the Dembi Bay; 6 – Pliocene pebbles and conglomerates; 7 – Plateaubasalts (Sovgavan' Formation, Late Neogene–Quaternary); 8 – Quaternary alluvial deposits; 9 – localities with fossil plants: a – Sonje, b – Bui, c – Dembi. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)
Text-fig. 11. Geological map south of the Nel'ma Bay. 1 - granodiorite (Early Palaeogene); 2 – Eocene andesitic and dacitic tuff with plant-bearing argillitic lenses; 3 – Late Eocene to Early Miocene andesite-basalt (Kizi Volcanic Group); 4 – tuffogenous sedimentary plant-bearing lenses with plant fossils; 5 – Dacite neck (Early Oligocene) 1 km south of the Dembi Bay; 6 – Pliocene pebbles and conglomerates; 7 – Plateaubasalts (Sovgavan' Formation, Late Neogene–Quaternary); 8 – Quaternary alluvial deposits; 9 – localities with fossil plants: a – Sonje, b – Bui, c – Dembi.
Text-fig. 8. Basalts, agglomerates and coarse tuffs (dark) and plant-bearing coarse tuffaceous sandstones with fossil plants (light) on the Nitusi Cape, Siziman locality. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)
Text-fig. 8. Basalts, agglomerates and coarse tuffs (dark) and plant-bearing coarse tuffaceous sandstones with fossil plants (light) on the Nitusi Cape, Siziman locality.
Text-fig. 7. Tuffitic argillites and coaly argillites with plant fossils near the bottom of the plant-bearing beds at the MaloMikhaylovka locality. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)
Text-fig. 7. Tuffitic argillites and coaly argillites with plant fossils near the bottom of the plant-bearing beds at the MaloMikhaylovka locality.
FIGURE 2 in Pushing the limits of neutron tomography in palaeontology: Three-dimensional modelling of in situ resin within fossil plants
FIGURE 2. Austrosequoia novae-zeelandiae (Ettingshausen, 1887) Mays et al., 2017, PL1227. 1) Transverse section of a partially exposed, desiccated ovulate cone. 2) Neutron tomographic reconstruction largely encapsulated in sedimentary matrix, white indicates high neutron attenuation, oblique-transverse view. 3) Volume rendering of neutron tomographic reconstruction, RNA = Relative Neutron Attenuation, grid texture on RNA spectrum indicates relative transparency, regions of highest neutron attenuation represent in situ resin within cone axis and minor enclaves of resin near the distal ends of the bract-scale complexes, desiccation exhibited by large gaps in coalified organic remains (blue/green), oblique-transverse view. 4) Greyscale histogram from neutron tomographic reconstruction of PL1227 (16-bit) these values represent the neutron attenuation of the reconstructed volume, colours and transparency textures as per Figure 2.3, threshold values presented in Table 2, the spectrum has been cropped at the extremes for this graphical representation. See Appendix for an animation of the virtually extracted specimen illustrated in Figure 2.3.
FIGURE 1. 1 in Pushing the limits of neutron tomography in palaeontology: Three-dimensional modelling of in situ resin within fossil plants
FIGURE 1. 1) Map of eastern Zealandia including New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, grey areas = emergent, grey outline = 2000 m isobath, boxed area is displayed in Figure 1.2. 2) Map of the Chatham Islands, grey areas = emergent, boxed area is displayed in Figure 1.3. 3) Geological map of the Waihere Bay area, northwest Pitt Island, fossil locality recorded in this study is indicated, age estimates from the following sources: Tupuangi Formation (Mildenhall, 1994; Mays and Stilwell, 2013), Kahuitara Tuff (Mildenhall, 1994; Stilwell, 1998), other estimates (Campbell et al., 1993; Panter et al., 2006). Modified from figures 1 and 3 of Mays et al. (2015b) with permission.
FIGURE 3 in Pushing the limits of neutron tomography in palaeontology: Three-dimensional modelling of in situ resin within fossil plants
FIGURE 3. Artist's reconstruction of ovuliferous cone and fertile shoot of Austrosequoia novae-zeelandiae (Ettingshausen, 1887) Mays et al., 2017, artist: Mali Moir.
FIGURE 5. Representative Magnoliaceae and Oleaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 5. Representative Magnoliaceae and Oleaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1. Liriodendron cf. tulipifera partial leaf (UF 19315–062075), scale bar equals 1 cm. 2. Close-up of Figure 5.1 Liriodendron leaf basal portion showing simple agrophic veins at arrows, scale bar equals 5 mm. 3. Magnolia cf. virginiana leaf (UF 19210–062076), scale bar equals 1 cm. 4. Close-up of Figure 5.3 Magnolia leaf showing details of fourth and fifth order veins, scale bar equals 5 mm. 5. Fraxinus sp. fruit (UF 19413–062077), scale bar equals 5 mm.
FIGURE 4. Representative Lauraceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 4. Representative Lauraceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1. Lindera sp. leaf (UF 19210–062072), scale bar equals 1 cm. 2. Extant Lindera leaf from USAM herbarium for comparison with Figure 4.1, scale bar equals 1 cm. 3. Persea sp. leaf (UF 19210–062073), scale bar equals 1 cm. 4. Sassafras albidum leaf (UF 19210–062074), scale bar equals 1 cm. 5. Close-up of Figure 4.1 Lindera leaf showing high order venation, scale bar equals 2.5 mm. 6. Close-up of Figure 4.3 Persea leaf showing high order venation, scale bar equals 2.5 mm.
FIGURE 8 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 8. Representative Sapindaceae (continued), Smilicaceae, and Ulmaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1. Acer cf. saccharinum partial leaf (UF 19315–062088), scale bar equals 1 cm. 2. Smilax sp. partial leaf (UF 19413– 062089), scale bar equals 5 mm. 3. Close-up of Figure 8.2 Smilax leaf showing higher order venation details, scale bar equals 2.5 mm. 4. Ulmus sp. leaf (UF 19413–062090), scale bar equals 5 mm. 5. Close-up of Figure 8.4 Ulmus leaf showing margin details and multiple orders of teeth, scale bar equals 2.5 mm.
FIGURE 7 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 7. Representatives Rosaceae (continued), Salicaceae, Rutaceae, and Sapindaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1. Extant Crataegus floridana from USAM herbarium for comparison with Figure 6. 7, scale bar equals 5 mm. 2. Rubus sp. leaf (UF 19413–062083), scale bar equals 5 mm. 3. Ptelea cf. trifoliata leaf (UF 19210– 062084), scale bar equals 5 mm. 4. Salix sp. leaf (UF 19210–062085), scale bar equals 1 cm. 5. Close-up of Figure 7.4 Salix leaf margin showing salicoid teeth, scale bar equals 2.5 mm. 6. Acer cf. rubrum basal portion of leaf (UF 19210–062087), scale bar equals 1 cm. 7. Acer cf. rubrum leaf (UF 19210–062086), scale bar equals 1 cm. 8. Extant Acer rubrum USAM herbarium for comparison with Figure 7.6–7, scale bar equals 1 cm.
FIGURE 3 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 3. Representative Juglandaceae from the Citronelle Formation (continued). 1. Carya cf. aquatica leaflet (UF 19315–062069), scale bar equals 5 mm. 2. Epifluorescence micrograph of leaf from Figure 3.1, note peltate hairs, scale bar equals 125 µm. 3. Carya cf. tomentosa leaflet (UF 19315–062070), scale bar equals 2 cm. 4. Carya species #3 partial leaflet (UF 19210–062071), scale bar equals 5 mm. 5. Carya cf. aquatica leaf margin of Figure 3.1, scale bar equals 2.5 mm, 6. Carya cf. tomentosa leaf margin of Figure 3.2, scale bar equals 5 mm. 7. Carya species #3 of Figure 3.4 leaf margin, scale bar equals 2.5 mm.
FIGURE 2. Representative Aquifoliaceae through Juglandaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 2. Representative Aquifoliaceae through Juglandaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1. Ilex sp. leaf (UF 19210–062063), scale bar equals 5 mm. 2. Clethra cf. alnifolia (UF 19210–062064) partial leaf, arrow indicates mucronate tooth apex, scale bar equals 5 mm. 3. Close-up of Figure 2.2 Clethra leaf, note mixed-percurrent tertiaries, scale bar equals 2.5 mm. 4. Extant Clethra alnifolia leaf from USAM herbarium for comparison with Figure 2.2, scale bar equals 5 mm. 5. Gaylussacia sp. leaf (UF 19315–062065), scale bar equals 5 mm. 6. Extant Gaylussacia sp. from USAM herbarium for comparison with Figure 2.5, scale bar equals 5 mm. 7. Vaccinium sp. leaf (UF 19315–062066), scale bar equals 5 mm. 8. Close-up of Vaccinium leaf margin from Figure 2.7 showing teeth, scale bar equals 2.5 mm. 9. Carya fruit (UF 19315 – 062068), scale bar equals 5 mm. 10. Carya sp. catkin with in situ pollen (UF 19315 – 062067), scale bar equals 5 mm. 11. Carya sp. pollen tetrad from specimen in Figure 2.10, scale bar equals 10 µm.
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