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Fig. 7. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Pomatostegus stellatus. A in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 7. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Pomatostegus stellatus. A. Operculum, from Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118825). – Protula balboensis. B–D. Tube, body and branchial crown, white arrow shows detail of rounded processes, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118825). E. Body of live adult from Smithsonian Institution station in Bocas del Toro, Panama (photo by Betel Martínez- Guerrero). – Pseudochitinopoma occidentalis. F. Operculum, Puget Sound, Washington (SERC- 33385R). – Pseudovermilia occidentalis. G. Operculum, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118450). – Salmacina huxleyi. H–I. Tubes, body and collar chaetae, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118449). – S. tribranchiata. J. Body, Galapagos Island (SERC-233687).

Fig. 4. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Hydroides bispinosa. A in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 4. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Hydroides bispinosa. A. Operculum, from Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118756). – H. cf. brachyacantha. B. Operculum, Pensacola Bay, Florida (SERC- 92415). – H. dianthus. C. Operculum, Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-87878RB). – H. dirampha. D. Operculum, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118709). – H. elegans. E. Operculum, San Diego, California (SERC-04075R). – H. floridana. F. Operculum, Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-87968). – H. gracilis. G. Operculum, San Diego, California (SERC-34585R). – H. longispinosa. H. Operculum, Oahu, Hawaii (SERC-19654). – H. parva. I. Operculum, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118709). – H. sanctaecrucis. J. Operculum, Tampa Bay, Florida (SERC-66920R).

Fig. 10 in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 10. Distribution of serpulids (Salmacina, Serpula and Spirobranchus spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).

Fig. 3 in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 3. Distribution of serpulids (Crucigera and Ficopomatus spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).

Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A. Operculum, juvenile from Humboldt Bay, California. B. Operculum, adult from San Pedro, California (LACMNH-N8819). – C. zygophora. C. Operculum, juvenile from Alaska (SERC). D. Operculum, adult from Canoe Bay, Alaska (LACMNH-N2128). – Ficopomatus enigmaticus. E. Tubes from Lake Merritt, California (LACMNH-N5141). F. Body, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-59327). G. Operculum, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-60530R). H. Colonies in Long Beach, California (photo by Bruno Pernet). – F. miamiensis. I. Tubes, from Chetumal Bay, Mexican Caribbean (ECOSUR). J–K. Operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-88344RF). – F. uschakovi. L. Tube, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883). M. Thorax and operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-86995). N. Operculum, from La Encrucijada, Chiapas (UMAR-Poly 113). O. Thorax and operculum, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883).

Fig. 1 in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 1. Study area. Site abbreviations following decreasing latitude from east to west coasts: RI = Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; CB = Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; CH = Charleston, South Carolina; Florida: JX = Jacksonville, IR = Indian River, BB = Biscayne Bay, TB = Tampa Bay and PB = Pensacola Bay; GB = Galveston Bay and CC = Corpus Christi, Texas; Alaska: DH = Dutch Harbor, KD = Kodiak, AK = Kechamak Bay, AV = Valdez, PW = Prince William Sound, ST = Sitka and KT = Ketchikan; WA = Puget Sound, Washington; OR = Coos Bay, Oregon; California: HB = Humboldt Bay, SF = San Francisco, MO = Morro Bay, LB = Long Beach, MI = Mission Bay and SD = San Diego; HI = Oahu, Hawaii.

Fig. 6 in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 6. Distribution of serpulids (Hydroides spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).

Fig. 5 in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 5. Distribution of serpulids (Hydroides spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).

Fig. 8 in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 8. Distribution of serpulids (Pomatostegus, Protula, Pseudochitinopoma and Pseudovermilia spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).

Fig. 9. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Serpula columbiana. A in The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Fig. 9. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Serpula columbiana. A. Operculum, from Ketchikan Bay, Alaska (SERC-81981). B. Operculum, adult from San Diego, California (LACMNH-Poly4928);. – Spirobranchus kraussii. C-D. Operculum and tube fragment, from Oahu, Hawaii (SERC-114603). E. Colony, from Natal, South Africa (LACMNH-N5217). – S. minutus. F. Tube, from Santa Catarina, Brazil (USNM-43239). G. Operculum, From Tampa Bay, Florida (SERC-93759). Types of collar chaetae. H–J. Bayonet. K. Bayonet with proximal rasp. L. Capillaries. M. Limbate. N. Fin-andblade chaetae. O. Coarsely serrated. – Hydroides sanctaecrucis (H, L). – H. cf. brachyacantha (I). – Spiraserpula ypsilon (J). – H. elegans (K). – H. ochotereana (M).– Pseudochitinopoma occidentalis (N).– Ficopomatus uschakovi (O, modified from Arteaga-Flórez et al. 2014).

Figure 6 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 6. Mean time (s), with standard error bars, spent grooming body regions in 30-min isolation observations (N=142), A. Mean time grooming body regions (H=291, df=14, p<0.001), with x-axis organized by anterior body regions on the left to posterior body regions on the right. Sensory and respiratory structures were designated by gray bars: A1, A2, E, G; decoration body regions were designated by a black bars: R, RG, M, P. White bars are body regions not associated with sensory, respiratory, or decorations. B. Mean time grooming of sensory/respiratory structures (gray bars) compared to body regions where decorations (black bars) are attached (N=598, t=9.48, p<0.001). A1, first antennae; A2, second antennae; ABD, abdomen; AM, all maxillipeds; E, eye; G, gills; M, dorsal mid-carapace; LC, left P1 cheliped; M1, first maxilliped; M2, second maxilliped; 3M, third maxilliped; P, pereiopods 2–5 (walking legs); R, rostrum; RC, right P1 cheliped; RG, lateral ridge. Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with minimal fouling. B. Ventral view of gill, with minimal fouling between lamellae. C. Ventral view of gill, with heavily fouled lamellae mostly of sediment. D. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal. E. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with fouling. F. Ventral view of gill, with fouling in between lamellae. G. Ventral view of gill, with fouling on gill surface and simple setae along edge. H. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal fouling.

Figure 5 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 5. Mean frequency of grooming mechanism, with standard error bars, mechanisms in 30-min isolation observations (N=142; scrape/pick: z=1.16, p=0.246; flap/brush: z=2.18, p=0.029). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 4 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 4. Mean frequency of grooms, with standard error bars, by grooming appendages in 30-min isolation observations (N=142). A. Mean frequency of grooms for each of the grooming appendages, with genders combined (z=3.39, p<001). B. Mean frequency of grooms for each of the grooming appendages, with the genders separated; males groomed with their 3M more than P1 (z=3.23, p=0.001) whereas females groomed with the 3M and P1 appendages equally (z=1.40, p=0.140). 3M, third maxilliped; P1, pereiopod #1 (cheliped). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 3 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 3. Frequency of grooms, with standard error bars, per body region during 30-min isolation observations (N=142; N=89 males; N=53 females) for males and females. A. Mean frequency of grooms for males and females for body regions (males: H=248, p<0.001; females: H=101, p<0.001); x-axis organized by anterior body regions on the left to posterior body regions on the right. B. Grooming frequency of sensory and respiratory structures compared to body regions where decorations are attached for males and females (sensory/respiratory: N=568, df=540, t=- 2.67, p=0.008; decorating: N=568, df=523, t=-1.97, p=0.049). A1, first antennae; A2, second antennae; ABD, abdomen; AM, all maxillipeds; E, eye; G, gills; M, dorsal mid-carapace; LC, left P1 cheliped; M1, first maxilliped; M2, second maxilliped; 3M, third maxilliped; P (_), pereiopods 2–5 (walking legs); R, rostrum; RC, right P1 cheliped; RG, lateral ridge. Note: Sensory and respiratory body regions were A1, A2, E, G; decoration body regions were R, RG, M, P. Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 1 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 1. Relationship between grooming frequency and grooming time budget by carapace width (mm) for males and females in 30-min isolation observations (N=142). A. Mean grooming frequency by carapace width for males and females; no relationship between number of times individuals groomed and their body size (R2=0.003, y=.092x+10.3). B. Mean grooming time budget by carapace width for males and females; no relationship between time spent grooming and body size (R2=0.005, y=1.044x+48.2).

Figure 7 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 7. Mean frequency and time (s), with standard error bars, of individuals behaviors in 30-min agonistic observations (N=45). A. Mean frequency of behaviors (H=82.6, df=4, p<0.001). B. Mean time budget spent performing behaviors (H=75.6, df=4, p<0.001). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).

Figure 2 in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)

Figure 2. Grooming frequency and grooming time, with standard error bars, of males and females in 30-min isolation observations (N=142 total; N=89 males; N=53 females). A. Mean frequency of grooms by males and females (z=-10.3, p<0.001). B. Mean time spent grooming by males and females (z=1.95, p=0.0507). Note: Similar letters indicate no statistical significance (p>0.05) and different letters indicate a statistical significance (p<0.05).