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13 results for “freezing temperatures”
Snow flies self-amputate freezing limbs to sustain behavior at sub-zero temperatures
<p><span>All living things are profoundly affected by temperature. In spite of the thermodynamic constraints on biology, some animals have evolved to live and move in extremely cold environments. Here, we investigate behavioral mechanisms of cold tolerance in the snow fly (<em>Chionea</em> spp.), a flightless crane fly that is active throughout the winter in boreal and alpine environments of the northern hemisphere. Using thermal imaging, we show that adult snow flies maintain the ability to walk down to an average body temperature of -7 °C. At this supercooling limit, ice crystallization occurs within the snow fly's hemolymph and rapidly spreads throughout the body, resulting in death. However, we discovered that snow flies frequently survive freezing by rapidly amputating legs before ice crystallization can spread to their vital organs. Self-amputation of freezing limbs is a last-ditch tactic to prolong survival in frigid conditions that few animals can endure. Understanding the extreme physiology and behavior of snow insects is important at this moment when the alpine ecosystems they inhabit are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic climate change.</span></p>
Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> "Where and why does a species exist" is a fundamental question in ecology. However, the actual range limits of alpine plant species are largely unexplored and unexplained. We aim at identifying the low temperature range limits of the two most abundant alpine graminoid species on acidic soils that intermingle in mosaics of high-elevation habitats across the European Alps.</span></p> <p><span>Location:</span><span> Alpine grasslands in the Swiss Alps.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon:</span><span> Carex curvula (Cyperaceae) and Nardus stricta (Poaceae), named by the genus name hereafter.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Carex </span><span>and Nardus clearly segregated across different microsites. Season length, growing degree hours and soil chemistry (pH, C/N-ratio, phosphorus) did not demarcate the two species' ranges, while their distribution was strongly affected by soil minimum temperature in winter. Carex occurred at sites with and without protecting snow cover and resisted low soil temperatures (-13 °C). Nardus was absent at microsites with snow cover duration less than 5 months and soil minimum temperatures below -5 °C. During the growing season, leaves of Carex had a higher freezing resistance with LT50 of -16.1 °C than those of Nardus with LT50 of -13.3 °C (LT50: lethal temperature for 50% of the tissue). Tetrazolium staining in shoots also revealed a higher freezing resistance in Carex compared to Nardus, and shoot apices tolerated lowest temperatures: Carex -30 °C, Nardus -24 °C. Though, a vital shoot apex alone did not ensure regrowth after winter. Regrowth after severe frost events requires intact vessels and roots, all less freezing tolerant than apical meristems and young leaves.</span></p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> The cold range limits of these widespread alpine graminoid species are evidently set by thermal extremes in winter. Microtopography, thus snow distribution pattern, in concert with the species' freezing resistance explains the cold edge of the fundamental niche of these two species.</span></p>
Model output from "The chance of freezing – a conceptional study to parameterize temperature-dependent freezing by including randomness of ice-nucleating particle concentrations"
<p>Model output from "The chance of freezing – a conceptional study to parameterize temperature-dependent freezing by including randomness of ice-nucleating particle concentrations", accepted for publication in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2023, same authors.<br> The simulations were done using MIMICA version4 (Savre at el., 2014) and the data includes all model output presented in the publication.</p>
Snow flies self-amputate freezing limbs to sustain behavior at sub-zero temperatures
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Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids
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Experimental dataset referring to: Non-intrusive temperature measurements for transient freezing in laminar internal flow using laser induced fluorescence
<p>This data set corresponds to the paper 'Non-intrusive temperature measurements for transient freezing in laminar internal flow using laser induced fluorescence. Please cite this paper when using this data. </p><p>The following conditions are included (for both the inlet and the centre of the channel):</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 0.5</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 5.0</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 10.0</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 15.0</p><p>Each folder includes the original two-color LIF ratio-metric data and the temperature recordings of the cold-plate as well as the inlet, outlet temperatures and the flow rate (TData). The header for the recordings is included in the main dataset which may be used to navigate the columns and select the relevant data.</p><p> </p>
Temperature-Dependent Development and Freezing Survival of Protostrongylid Nematodes of Arctic Ungulates: Implications for Transmission
<p>Data used to derive the conclusion of the work. Spreadsheets contain raw data.</p>
Data from: Decoupled evolution of foliar freezing resistance, temperature-niche and morphological leaf traits in Chilean Myrceugenia
1. Phylogenetic conservatism of tolerance to freezing temperatures has been cited to explain the tendency of plant lineages to grow in similar climates. However there is little information about whether or not freezing resistance is conserved across phylogenies, and whether conservatism of physiological traits could explain conservatism of realized climatic niches. Here we compared the phylogenetical lability of realized climatic niche, foliar freezing resistance, and four morphological leaf traits that are generally considered adaptations to frost resistance in Chilean species of Myrceugenia, which grow in a wide range of habitats. 2. We estimated the predicted niche occupancy profiles with respect to minimum temperature (minT) of all species. We measured foliar freezing resistance (using chlorophyll fluorescence), leaf size, leaf mass per area (LMA), stomatal and trichome densities of ten individuals per species. Finally, we estimated phylogenetic signal and we performed independent contrast analyses among all variables. 3. We found that both foliar freezing resistance and minT were subject to a significant phylogenetic signal, but the former had a stronger signal. We also detected a significant but weak correlation between them (r=0.49, pone tail= 0.04). Morphological traits evolved independent of any phylogenetic effect. Synthesis. Our results show that freezing resistance evolved in association with temperature niche, but with some delay that could result from phylogenetic inertia. Our results also show that morphological leaf traits are more labile than realized climatic niche and frost tolerance and the former probably evolved associated to microhabitat preferences.
Electrical conductivity versus temperature in freezing conditions: a field experiment using a basket geothermal heat exchanger
<p>In-situ experiment. Geothermal setup: Five heat exchangers (HE) are arranged in a line and are buried between 1.1 and 3.5 meters. Just two baskets worked: one (HE.5) for a correct functioning of the heat pump and the other (HE1) to freeze the ground. only, this last exchanger (HE1) has been monitored in temperature and electrical resistivity tomography. The basket HE.5 is too far away to have an influence during this experiment, the heat pump was started at 0 hour and worked during 518 hours. The temperature of ground was recorded every minutes, thanks to 41 probes (4 wire Pt100), divided into 7 vertical profils. theses profiles are located at 0, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 20, 21 meters (x-distance), and the used heat exchangers are at 7 meters for the HE.1 and at 24 meters for the HE.5, respectively. Electrical Resitivity Tomography (ERT): Before and during the running of the geothermal system, gephysical monitoring was carried out. At the end, nine tomography images were recorded using a SAS-1000 Terrameter (ABEM) associated with 64 electrodes arranged in straigth line (2D acquisition, with a spacing between electrodes of one meter). Apparent resisitivities were inverted with IP4DI software, incorporating spatial and time regularization --Laboratory experiments-- we sampled the soil around the exchanger using an auger. the soil consists of a mixture of clay, silts and some gravels. Two samples are selected in order to conduct some electrical measurement at different temperature. They were dried and then saturated with water from the aquifer (0.117 S/m at 27°C) and put in a thermo-regulated bath (KISS K6 from Huber). At each temperature level, a SIP spectrum was performed with ZSIP, from 0.01 hz to 45 khz.Temperature levels are 20, 15, 10, 5, 2, 0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -14, -18°C. FIles--- Field. Temperature measurements and inverted resitivity: This file contains the temperature measurements and inverted resistivities from geophysical monitoring, presented in the article. Field. Comparaison conductivity vs temperature: This file corresponds to the data extracted from the temperature and inverted resistivity sections in order to attest the resistivity vs temperature relationship. - Laboratory. Comparaison conductivity vs temperature: This file contains the data of the phase and quadrature conductivity as a function of temperature for both samples measured in the laboratory by SIP method.</p>
Electrical conductivity versus temperature in freezing conditions: a field experiment using a basket geothermal heat exchanger
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Data from: Decoupled evolution of foliar freezing resistance, temperature-niche and morphological leaf traits in Chilean Myrceugenia
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T2 spectrum of Shanghai muddy clay under freezing conditions at ultra-low temperature
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Influence of Freezing Temperature During Irradiation on the Biomechanical Properties of Irradiated Frozen Cortical Allograft
<p>Gamma irradiation minimizes the risk of infectious disease transmission and is the terminal sterilization method of choice for human cortical allografts. Its application is simple, and its results are reliable. Its more prominent indirect effect is strongly influenced by three main factors - the presence of oxygen, water and by temperature. There are, however, enduring concerns regarding its undesired adverse effects on the biomechanical properties of bone allografts. Even so, the available literature mentioning these effects had conflicting conclusions especially pertaining to the effect of temperature during the irradiation process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of freezing temperatures during gamma irradiation on the biomechanical properties of human cortical allografts. Five mid shaft femurs from cadaveric donors were cut into bone cubes measuring 4mm3. Each cube was assigned to one of 3 experimental groups. The first group was subjected to gamma irradiation at deep-freezing temperatures below -40°C (the Radiated in Dry ice / RD group), i.e. the recommended temperature for long-term storage of bone allografts. The second group was subjected to irradiation within a freezing temperature range of -40°C to 0°C (the Radiated in Gel ice / RG group) whilst the last group, acting as control (C group), did not receive irradiation treatment. Irradiation dose was set between 25 and 35 kGy. All samples were subsequently subjected to compressive load to failure to determine their biomechanical properties. Allografts irradiated at a higher freezing temperature range (RG, -40°C to 0°C) were observed to have a significantly lower yield point, ultimate tensile strength, resilience and toughness in comparison to those which were not irradiated (Control) and those irradiated at deep freezing temperatures (RD, below -40°C). The above four parameters of the Control and RD group samples were comparable. No difference in the Young’s modulus parameter was observed in all three groups. The results suggest that irradiation at deep freezing temperatures confers protection to the biomechanical properties of cortical femoral allografts, which may be the result of the complete immobilization of water molecules when deep frozen. With its inability to participate in the formation of free radicals via its radiolysis in the frozen state, the deleterious effects of radiation on collagen architecture are hence attenuated. The apparent loss of this protective effect when a higher freezing temperature range was employed during irradiation was substantiated.</p>
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