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23 results for “frugivorous birds”
Individual body mass and sex of a frugivorous bird affect the quality of seed dispersal
<p><span>Frugivorous animals play crucial roles dispersing seeds</span><span> away from parental plants and influencing plant recruitment. Most studies focus on comparisons of seed dispersal services provided by distinct species of animals, but neglect how within-species variation may affect dispersal. Individual traits, such as body mass and sex, are related to metabolic rates, gut load capacity, and transit times that potentially influence dispersal quantity and quality. Here, we aim to answer if individual traits (body mass and sex) of Pale-breasted Thrushes (<em>Turdus leucomelas</em>) affect seed dispersal quality by testing the following hypotheses (a) individual traits influence seed retention time and germination, (b) seed retention time affects seed germination and (c) seed passage through the gut enhances germination. We found that females retained seeds in the gut for longer periods than males. Gut-passed and manually depulped seeds had similar germination success. However, heavier birds, irrespective of sex, had longer seed retention times and promoted higher germination. Our results indicate that intraspecific differences in the morphological traits of frugivores are a source of variation in dispersal outputs and may help to explain complex patterns of seed dispersal. We highlight the importance of considering the quality of seed dispersal at an individual level, as well as at a species level, and reinforce that some individuals may contribute more to seed germination, and potentially recruitment, than others. Finally, a decrease in body masses of tropical birds in response to global warming may cascade to a decrease in seed dispersal quality. </span></p>
Data from: Land-use homogenization reduces the occurrence and diversity of frugivorous birds in a tropical biodiversity hotspot
<p>These datasets have the variables used in the paper "Land-use homogenization reduces the occurrence and diversity of frugivorous birds in a tropical biodiversity hotspot" as well as the script to perform the analysis.</p>
Figure 5 in Knowledge gaps regarding frugivorous ecological networks between birds and plants in Brazil
Figure 5. Complex ecological network constructed from information about interactions between frugivorous birds (triangles) and non-native plants (circles) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (A) and Cerrado (B). Each color represents an agglomerate of species that are more connected among themselves than with species of other agglomerates. Names in triangles and circles represent are abbreviations of species names. Abbreviations are defined in the supplementary material (S1).
Figure 3 in Knowledge gaps regarding frugivorous ecological networks between birds and plants in Brazil
Figure 3. Complex ecological network constructed with information about interactions between frugivorous birds (triangles) and plants (circles) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Each color represents an agglomerate of species that are more connected among themselves than with species of other agglomerates. Species with the highest values of connectivity and centrality are circled. Names in triangles and circles are abbreviations of species names. Abbreviations are defined in the supplementary material (S1).
Figure 4 in Knowledge gaps regarding frugivorous ecological networks between birds and plants in Brazil
Figure 4. Complex ecological network constructed with information about interactions between frugivorous birds (triangles) and plants (circles) in the Brazilian Cerrado. Each color represents an agglomerate of species that are more connected among themselves than with species of other agglomerates. Species with the highest values of connectivity and centrality are circled. Names in triangles and circles are abbreviations of species names. Abbreviations are defined in the supplementary material (S1).
Individual body mass and sex of a frugivorous bird affect the quality of seed dispersal
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Behavioural complementarity among frugivorous birds and lizards can promote plant diversity in island ecosystems
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Fruit abundance and trait matching determine diet type and body condition across frugivorous bird populations
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Data from: How far can frugivorous birds disperse seeds during migration?
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High importance of migratory birds for plant-frugivore interactions on reservoir islands
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Effects of fruit novelty on feeding preference in four globally invasive frugivorous birds
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Bird Frugivore Abundance data from: Applied nucleation facilitates tropical forest recovery
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Data from: Selection on fruit traits is mediated by the interplay between frugivorous birds, fruit flies, parasitoid wasps, and seed-dispersing ants
Every organism on Earth must cope with a multitude of species interactions both directly and indirectly throughout its life cycle. However, how selection from multiple species occupying different trophic levels affects diffuse mutualisms has received little attention. As a result, how a given species amalgamates the combined effects of selection from multiple mutualists and antagonists to enhance its own fitness remains little understood. We investigated how multispecies interactions (frugivorous birds, ants, fruit flies, and parasitoid wasps) generate selection on fruit display traits in a seed dispersal mutualism. We used structural equation models to assess whether seed dispersers (frugivorous birds and ants) exerted phenotypic selection on fruit and seed traits in the Spiny Hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), a fleshy-fruited tree, and how these selection regimes were influenced by fruit fly infestation and wasp parasitoidism levels. Birds exerted negative correlational selection on the combination of fruit crop size and mean seed weight, favoring either large crops with small seeds or small crops with large seeds. Parasitoids selected plants with higher fruit fly infestation levels, and fruit flies exerted positive directional selection on fruit size, which was positively correlated with seed weight. Therefore, higher parasitoidism indirectly correlated with higher plant fitness through increased bird fruit removal. In addition, ants exerted negative directional selection on mean seed weight. Our results show that strong selection on phenotypic traits may still arise in perceived diffuse species interactions. Overall, we emphasize the need to consider diverse direct and indirect partners to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms driving phenotypic trait evolution in multispecies interactions.
Assessing short and long-term variations in diversity, timing, and body condition of frugivorous birds
<p>Seed dispersal by frugivorous bird species involves a fine temporal tuning between fruiting plants and birds. However, this interaction may be severely threatened by anthropogenic climate and land-use change, which may result in phenological mismatches and pervasive ecological consequences for avian communities. In this study, we evaluate changes at long (~40 years) and short-time (seasonal) spans in an avian frugivore community using a snapshot resampling. Particularly, we focus on changes in composition, abundance, migratory timing (i.e., phenology), and physical condition in relation to variations in fruit supply. We used bird and fruit data collected during 1981-1983 and 2019-2021 in a Mediterranean scrubland site in Doñana Natural Area, SW Spain. Our findings indicate a profound transformation of species composition, bird phenology, and body condition: in ~40 years, the avian community showed a 66% and 13% decrease of the wintering and seed-disperser species, respectively. Seasonal abundance peaks were advanced for at least one month in 9 out of 11 frugivorous bird species included in the analyses. Avian body condition during the migratory passage has worsened, with fewer individuals showing a high-fat percentage now than in the past. Finally, we report a fruit production decrease of almost half in 2019-2021 compared to 1981-1983, probably linked to habitat encroachment by pine trees and replacement of fleshy-fruited shrubs. Vegetation encroachment and climate change are the most plausible explanations for the observed changes in the avian community, but the relative importance of these factors is yet unknown. Our results at a local scale mirror the dramatic consequences of global change affecting the diversity, phenology, and physical condition of frugivorous bird species reported in multiple studies across the globe. The loss of frugivores may trigger feedback mechanisms in which seed dispersal is disrupted, leading to impaired recruitment of fruiting plants and hence less food availability for the avian community.</p>
Abundance predominates over niche factors as determinant of the frequency of interactions between frugivorous birds and plants
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Neutral and niche factors influence the structure of frugivory and seed dispersal networks. While the former refers to the abundance of interacting species, niche factors refer to traits that mediate interactions between species (e.g., morphology). The challenge is to unravel in which circumstances one kind of factor predominates over the other, or how much variation is explained by each factor. We investigated the relative contributions of abundance and trait-matching (considering fruit's size, pulp mass to seed mass ratio, and lipid content, and bird's degree of frugivory, body mass, and gape width) as drivers of the frequency of interactions between frugivorous birds and fleshy fruits in an area of Cerrado second-growth vegetation in Brazil. We expected that the abundance of species would be the most important factor due to the predominance of common small-bodied generalist bird species and small-seeded fleshy-fruited plants. Species abundance was indeed an important factor explaining interactions, although in limited fashion. This is because niche factors also helped to explain bird-plant interaction frequencies in the community, particularly the mass ratio of fruits and, to a lesser extent, their lipid content through its interaction with abundance and its negative correlation with mass ratio. In addition to the importance of both bird and plant abundances, these results underscore the role played by plant functional traits in maintaining community function and ecosystem services even in habitats dominated by common generalist birds and small-seeded plants.</span></p>
Forest fragmentation effects on mutualistic interactions: Frugivorous birds and fruiting trees
<p>While many effects of forest fragmentation are reasonably well understood, knowledge of interspecific interactions in fragmented ecosystems is much more limited, particularly for high-diversity tropical forests. Using nearly 40 years of data from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Central Amazonia, we assessed whether forest fragment area and time since isolation impact mutualistic interactions between frugivorous birds and their food resources. We used structural equation modeling to analyze the complex pathways between four main variables determining these interactions: fruiting tree abundance, frugivorous bird abundance, forest fragment area, and time since fragment isolation. Our results confirm that fragment area alters the abundance of some tree resources, with successional plant families increasing in abundance with decreasing fragment size. However, these changes do not drive alterations in the abundance of frugivorous birds. We also tested if bird species with a greater relative diet breadth are less vulnerable to forest fragmentation and found that specialist frugivores are more vulnerable to forest fragmentation immediately after isolation but are not differentially impacted within the long term. Collectively, our results demonstrate the need to further evaluate human-driven habitat change across multiple timescales to fully understand its impacts on complex species interactions.</p>
Preserving wintering frugivorous birds in agro‐ecosystems under land use change: Lessons from intensive and super-intensive olive orchards
<p>Fleshy-fruit production is becoming more intensive worldwide, but how this affects frugivorous birds is poorly known. In the Mediterranean region, intensive and super-intensive olive orchards are fast expanding, potentially affecting millions of wintering songbirds. Here we test the idea that intensification may benefit frugivorous birds, at least locally, due to increased fruit availability, while negatively affecting the wider wintering bird community due to intensive management, structural simplification and landscape homogenisation. We estimated olive abundance and surveyed birds in early, mid- and late winter, at traditional, intensive, and super-intensive orchards in southern Portugal. We used Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities to relate species richness, prevalence and abundance to management intensity, winter period, olive availability and landscape context, and evaluated the role of frugivory on observed responses. Olive availability was much higher throughout the winter in more intensive than in traditional orchards, both in trees and on the ground. Frugivorous bird abundance was higher in more intensive orchards, and the most abundant frugivorous species (blackcap, song thrush, robin) were positively affected by olive availability and/or increasing landscape cover by olive orchards, while intensification level had relatively minor effects after accounting for other variables. Non-frugivorous richness and abundance were higher in traditional orchards, and many non-frugivorous species were less prevalent in more intensive orchards or negatively affected by landscapes dominated by olive cultivation. Synthesis and applications. While negatively affecting the wider bird community, our results suggest that olive farming intensification can contribute to sustain large numbers of frugivorous birds in the Mediterranean region. As frugivorous birds are not seen as damaging by olive farmers, there is an opportunity to promote their conservation in intensive and super-intensive orchards, which requires management to increase habitat heterogeneity, and to reduce risks such as mortality associated with mechanical harvest and contamination with pesticide residues. Overall, we recommend that efforts to manage farmland biodiversity should consider the impacts and conservation opportunities of fruit crop intensification.</p>
Abundance predominates over niche factors as determinant of the frequency of interactions between frugivorous birds and plants
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Preserving wintering frugivorous birds in agro‐ecosystems under land use change: Lessons from intensive and super-intensive olive orchards
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Data from: Projecting consequences of global warming for the functional diversity of fleshy-fruited plants and frugivorous birds along a tropical elevational gradient
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