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22 results for “fruit color”
Fig. 2 in Host-adapted Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in straw-colored fruit bats in Nigeria
Fig. 2. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in strawcolored fruit bats by small subunit rRNA-based PCRRFLP. Upper panel: SspI RFLP patterns; lower panel: VspI RFLP patterns; M: 100-bp molecular markers; H: C. hominis positive control; P: C. parvum positive control; B1: Cryptosporidium bat genotype XIV; B2: Cryptosporidium bat genotype XV.
Fig. 4 in Host-adapted Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in straw-colored fruit bats in Nigeria
Fig. 4. Phylogeny of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in bats based on Bayesian inference analysis of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene. The posterior probability values are indicated on the branches. Red ones are E. bieneusi genotypes identified in straw-colored fruit bats in the present study. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013). in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013).
Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
<p><em>Research conducted:</em> The majority of plant colors are produced by anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, but coloration obtained by nanostructured materials (i.e., structural colors) is increasingly reported in plants. Here, we identify a multilayer photonic structure in the fruits of <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> and compare it to a previously described origin in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>.</p> <p><em>Methods:</em> We used a combination of transmission electron microscopy, serial EM tomography, scanning force microscopy, and optical simulations to characterize the photonic structure in<em> L. strigocamara</em>. We also examine the development of the structure during maturation.</p> <p><em>Key results:</em> We find that the structural color derives from a disordered, multilayered reflector consisting of lipid droplets of ~105 nm that form a plate-like structure in 3D. This structure begins to form early in development and reflects blue wavelengths of light with increasing intensity over time as the structure develops. The lipids used are likely polymers of lipid monomers.</p> <p><em>Main conclusions:</em> <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> is the second origin of a lipid-based photonic structure, convergently evolved with the structure in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>. Chemical differences between the lipids in<em> L. strigocamara</em> and those of <em>V. tinus</em> suggest a distinct evolutionary trajectory with implications for the signaling function of structural colors in fruits.</p>
Data from: Multiple origins of lipid-based structural colors contribute to a gradient of fruit colors in Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
<p>Structural color is poorly known in plants relative to animals. In fruits, only a handful of cases have been described, including in <em>Viburnum</em> <em>tinus</em> where the blue color results from a disordered multilayered reflector made of lipid droplets. Here, we examine the broader evolutionary context of fruit structural color across the genus <em>Viburnum</em>. We obtained fresh and herbarium fruit material from 30 <em>Viburnum</em> species spanning the phylogeny and used transmission electron microscopy, optical simulations, and ancestral state reconstruction to (1) identify the presence/absence of photonic structures in each species, (2) understand the mechanism producing structural color in newly identified species, (3) relate the development of cell wall structure to reflectance in <em>V</em>. <em>dentatum</em>, and (4) describe the evolution of cell-wall architecture across <em>Viburnum</em>. We identify at least two (possibly three) origins of blue fruit color in <em>Viburnum</em>, both of which produce large photonic structures made of lipid droplets embedded in the cell wall and which reflect blue light. Examining species that may exhibit structural color in combination with anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, rather than focusing on the most extreme examples, will yield further insights into the diversity, ecology and evolution of fruit color.</p>
Associated evolution of fruit size, fruit color and spines in Neotropical palms
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Data from: Multiple origins of lipid-based structural colors contribute to a gradient of fruit colors in Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
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Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
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Data from: Flower clades and fruit clades: Trade-offs in color diversification across angiosperms
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Dataset for "Context effects on the perception of saturation of fruit colors in still-life paintings" by Toscani, Wolf, Gegenfurtner & Braun. Journal of Vision, in press
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Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
FIGURE 2 in Use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) reveals six new records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 2. (a) Colored traps used to collect cerambycid beetles in this study; (b) the blue, (c) yellow, (d) red, and (e) transparent traps installed in the understory (4.5 m height) of the Amazon rainforest.
FIGURE 1 in Use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) reveals six new records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 1. (a) Geographic location of the sampling sites of cerambycid beetles in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon, municipality of Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia, northern Brazil; (b) Habitat (Amazon rainforest fragment) where cerambycids were sampled.
FIGURES 3–8 in Use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) reveals six new records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon
FIGURES 3–8. Dorsal habitus of Cerambycidae species recorded for the first time in Rondônia, northern Brazil. (3) Sphallotrichus bidens (Fabricius, 1801); (4) Cosmoplatidius abare Napp & Martins, 2006; (5) Deltosoma fernandezi Dalens & Giuglaris, 2014; (6) Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus (Fabricius, 1787); (7) Corimbion nigroapicatum Martins, 1970; and (8) Neolampedusa obliquator (Fabricius, 1801).
Dispersers and environment drive global variation in fruit color syndromes
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Fruit syndromes in Viburnum: correlated evolution of color, nutritional content, and morphology in bird-dispersed fleshy fruits
<p>Premise</p> <p>A key question in plant dispersal via animal vectors is where and why fruit colors vary between species and how color relates to other fruit traits. To better understand the factors shaping the evolution of fruit color diversity, we tested for the existence of syndromes of traits (color, morphology, and nutrition) in the fruits of Viburnum. We placed these results in a larger phylogenetic context and reconstructed ancestral states to assess how Viburnum fruit traits have evolved across the clade.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We find that blue Viburnum fruits are not very juicy, have high lipid content, and large, round endocarps surrounded by a small quantity of pulp. Red fruits display the opposite suite of traits: they are very juicy with low lipid content and smaller, flatter endocarps. The ancestral Viburnum fruit may have gone through a sequence of color changes before maturation (green to yellow to red to black), though our reconstructions are equivocal. In one major clade of Viburnum (Nectarotinus), fruits mature synchronously with reduced intermediate color stages. Most transitions between fruit colors occurred in this synchronously fruiting clade.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It is widely accepted that fruit trait diversity has primarily been driven by the differing perceptual abilities of bird versus mammal frugivores. Yet within a clade of largely bird-dispersed fruits, we find clear correlations between color, morphology, and nutrition. These correlations are likely driven by a shift from sequential to synchronous development, followed by diversification in color, nutrition, and morphology. A deeper understanding of fruit evolution within clades will elucidate the degree to which such syndromes structure extant fruit diversity.</p>
Fig. 3 in Host-adapted Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in straw-colored fruit bats in Nigeria
Fig. 3. Phylogeny of Cryptosporidium genotypes in bats based on Bayesian inference of sequences of the small subunit rRNA gene. The posterior probability values are indicated on the branches. Red ones are Cryptosporidium genotypes identified in straw-colored fruit bats in the present study, while blue ones are known Cryptosporidium genotypes previously reported in bats. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
FIGURE 10 in Use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) reveals six new records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 10. The known geographical distribution of Corimbion nigroapicatum Martins, 1970.
FIGURE 9 in Use of colored fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) reveals six new records for the state of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon
FIGURE 9. The known geographical distribution of Deltosoma fernandezi Dalens & Giuglaris, 2014.
Fruit syndromes in Viburnum: correlated evolution of color, nutritional content, and morphology in bird-dispersed fleshy fruits
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