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Fig. 6 in Inexpensive artisanal traps for mass trapping fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Haiti

Fig. 6. Predicted number of fruit flies caught relative to trap density in a mango orchard in Haiti during Jan 21 to Mar 3, 2015.

Fig. 2 in Inexpensive artisanal traps for mass trapping fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Haiti

Fig. 2. Total number of fruit flies caught for each trap model in a mango orchard in Haiti. Bars labeled with the same letter were not significantly different (ANOVA, Fisher LSD α = 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Inexpensive artisanal traps for mass trapping fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Haiti

Fig. 1. Trap models developed and used for evaluation of mass trapping efficacy for fruit flies in a mango orchard in Haiti. AT1, yellow-bottomed artisanal trap; AT2, clear artisanal trap; and MP, commercial McPhail trap.

Fig. 3 in Inexpensive artisanal traps for mass trapping fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Haiti

Fig. 3. Average proportion of female and male fruit flies caught per trap model in a mango orchard in Haiti. Bars labeled with identical letters were not significantly different afer comparisons among trap models (ANOVA, Fisher LSD α = 0.05).

Fig. 4 in Inexpensive artisanal traps for mass trapping fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Haiti

Fig. 4. Total number of fruit flies caught at 24 McPhail per ha (MP/ha) and 36 clear artisanal trap per ha (AT2/ha) in a mango orchard in Haiti. Bars labeled with the same letters were not significantly different (Binomial test for equal proportion, α = 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Evaluation of mass trapping and bait stations to control Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies in mango orchards of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig. 1. Devices used as treatments during field evaluations: a) 600 mL polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle with three 1 × 1 cm holes in the upper third, baited with 50 mL of hydrolyzed protein; b) 600 mL PET bottle with two 3 × 3 cm windows in the upper middle, baited with 150 mL of GF-120 Naturalyte (80 ppm); c) MS® is a commercial bait station consisting of a 2-piece, bottle-shaped device, with a transparent upper piece with three 3 × 3 cm windows in the middle part and a yellow bottom, baited with Atrayente® (mix of 30% hydrolyzed protein, 10% propylene glycol, 5% malathion, and adjuvants; d) MS2® is the same MS® device as in 'c' but with the upper piece containing three 1-cm-diameter holes in the middle part, baited with 250 mL of Cera Trap®; e) wax matrix bait station is a waxed green box with slots baited with BioLure® synthetic attractant (ammonium acetate and putrescine); f) INIFAP trap is a 2 L, 14-cm-diameter, and 14 cm high cylindrical container, with three 1-cm-diameter holes at mid-height, baited with 250 mL of Cera Trap®.

Fig. 4 in Evaluation of mass trapping and bait stations to control Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies in mango orchards of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig. 4. Recapture of sterile Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua in Multilure® traps in different treatments. For each species, trap capture percentages topped by the same letter are not significantly different (α = 0.05).

Fig. 2 in Evaluation of mass trapping and bait stations to control Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies in mango orchards of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig. 2. Recapture percentages of sterile Anastrepha ludens (top) and sterile Anastrepha obliqua (bottom) in Multilure® traps located in plots with PET bottle mass trapping devices, ground-sprayed with GF-120 Naturalyte, or untreated (control) in a mango orchard. For each season, trap capture percentages topped by the same letter are not significantly different (α = 0.05).

Fig. 5 in Evaluation of mass trapping and bait stations to control Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies in mango orchards of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig. 5. Recapture percentages of sterile and wild Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua in 2 types of mass trapping devices. For each species and strain, trap capture percentages topped by the same letter are not significantly different (α = 0.05).

Fig. 3 in Evaluation of mass trapping and bait stations to control Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies in mango orchards of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig. 3. Recapture percentages of sterile Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua flies in Multilure® traps in plots with different bait station devices. For each species, trap capture percentages topped by the same letter are not significantly different (α = 0.05).

Fig. 4 in Food attractants for mass trapping of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its selectivity for beneficial arthropods

Fig. 4. Proportion of tephritids (dark grey), beneficial arthropods (white), and other non-target insects (light grey) captured by the different treatments in the 2017 and 2018 seasons.

Fig. 3 in Food attractants for mass trapping of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its selectivity for beneficial arthropods

Fig. 3. Proportion of gravid (dark grey) and non-gravid (light grey) females of Ceratitis capitata lured to the different treatments on pre- and post-harvest period during the 2018 season (NS = no significant differences, * = P ≤ 0.05). (A–B) Dixieland peach; (C–D) Fuji Kiku apple; (E–F) Satsuma mandarin. Treatments with no captures are not presented.

Fig. 2 in Food attractants for mass trapping of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its selectivity for beneficial arthropods

Fig. 2. Proportion of gravid (dark grey) and non-gravid (light grey) females of Ceratitis capitata lured to the different treatments on pre- and post-harvest period during the 2017 season (NS = no significant differences, * = P ≤ 0.05). (A–B) Dixieland peach; (C–D) Fuji Kiku apple; (E–F) Satsuma mandarin. Treatments with no captures are not presented.

Fig. 1 in Food attractants for mass trapping of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its selectivity for beneficial arthropods

Fig. 1. Cumulative Ceratitis capitata captures expressed as females per trap per d index for the pre-harvest (light gray) and post-harvest (dark gray) periods are shown, for the 3 field trials and the 2 seasons of evaluation. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments in the cumulative captures of females for the total trial period.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Data for: Increasing planting density increases fruit mass and reduces the dispersal ability of a range-expanding invasive plant, Mikania micrantha

Aim: Invasive plants may evolve a suite of distinctive traits during spread in the new range. Among these traits, dispersal ability is an important trait determining the invasion speed of exotic plants. There is evidence that higher dispersal ability is favored at the invasion front, where population density may be low. However, no study has explicitly tested how planting density in a common garden affects the dispersal ability of invasive plants. Location: Hainan island of China. Methods: In this study, using 27 populations of an invasive plant, Mikania micrantha, which is expanding its range on Hainan island of China, we examine how three dispersal-related traits (i.e., dispersal ability, fruit mass, and pappus radius) change with distance from invasion centre and field population density, and how planting density in a common garden affects dispersal traits. Results: Dispersal traits did not change with distance from the invasion centre and field population cover either in the natural environment or in the common garden. In the common garden, increasing planting density from one to five plants per pot increased fruit mass and decreased dispersal ability, indicating that the effect of density on dispersal traits could not be detected in the field. The relationship between dispersal ability in the natural environment and that in the common garden was positive but significant only under the five plants per pot treatment, possibly because dispersal traits in natural conditions were selected under high density growth conditions. Main conclusions: Our results indicate that increasing population density may increase fruit mass and reduce the dispersal ability of range-expanding invasive plants. We suggest that further studies exploring the patterns of dispersal traits in range-expanding invasive plants in a common garden should consider intraspecific competition.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Fruit-feeding butterfly populations respond to variation in adult food availability: evidence from longitudinal body mass and abundance data

The degree to which variation in adult food availability affects the population dynamics of a species depends on its position on the capital-income breeding continuum. The long-lived butterflies that feed on fruits as adults constitute an example of Lepidoptera with a high degree of income breeding. For three species of fruit-feeding butterflies in Uganda, we assessed the contribution of the income to breeding in the wild, and the consequences of variation in fruit availability for body mass and population dynamics. We interpreted body mass loss within individuals as well as younger individuals having higher body mass than older ones as evidence for the depletion of capital reserves. Despite large sample sizes, we were able to show only modest body mass loss in one species, indicating that large-bodied fruit-feeding butterflies are functionally income breeders in the wild. Butterfly body mass was sensitive to environmental factors, although the responses to fruit availability and weather parameters were dominated by interactive effects. In all three species, periods of higher availability of fruit were followed by periods of higher adult abundance three to five months later, fitting the egg-to-adult time. Our results suggest that adult food is rapidly used for reproduction so that body mass remains stable and population size responds to adult food availability. For these income breeding species, the frequent periods of low adult food availability may select for extended adult longevity for the purpose of postponing reproduction to the onset of more favorable conditions.

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Fig. 5 in Inexpensive artisanal traps for mass trapping fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Haiti

Fig. 5. Numbers of fruit flies caught by trap density in a mango orchard in Haiti.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Shift of seed mass and fruit type spectra along longitudinal gradient: High water availability and growth allometry

CE1 Propagule traits vary among biomes along geographical gradients such as longitude, but the mechanisms that underlie these variations remain unclear. This study aims to explore seed mass variation patterns of different biome types along a longitudinal gradient and their underlying variation mechanisms by involving an in-depth analysis on the variation of seed mass, fruit type spectra, growth forms and dispersal mode spectra in Inner Mongolia and northeastern China. Plant community characterization and seed collection were conducted in 26 sites spreading over five vegetation types and covering 622 species belonging to 66 families and 298 genera. We found there are significantly declining trends for mean seed mass, vertebrate-dispersed species richness and fleshy-fruited species richness along a longitudinal gradient from forests to desert grasslands. However, we also found the lowest average seed mass and the smallest proportion of species dispersed by vertebrates occurring at typical grasslands in the five biomes. The variations of average seed mass display high congruence CE2 with transition of growth form spectra. The selection for these propagule attributes is driven mainly by climatic factors such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and evaporation, as well as by internal biotic factors such as growth forms, canopy coverage and leaf area. A hypothesis was provided that environmental factors and botanical traits that favor greater water availability lead to emergence (or speciation) of species with large seeds or fleshy fruits with high water content. Due to greater water availability and increasing leaf area, much more photosynthate (photosynthesis production) and allometric growth then ultimately increase the biome average seed mass from west to east. Phylogenetic signal or diversity are not found to be significantly involved in the effect on the patterns. A novel mechanistic framework and mathematical model are provided to expound seed variation among species or biomes.

publicMay 2022View details →

Fruit-feeding butterfly populations respond to variation in adult food availability: evidence from longitudinal body mass and abundance data

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