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18 results for “fuel moisture”
Fine Fuel Moisture Code - ERA-Interim
<p>The Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) is a numeric rating of the moisture content of litter and other cured fine fuels. This code is an indicator of the relative ease of ignition and the flammability of fine fuel.</p> <p>This is part of a larger dataset providing gridded field calculations from the Canadian Fire Weather Index System using weather forcings from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset (Vitolo et al., 2019; Di Giuseppe et al., 2016). The dataset has been developed through a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre and ECMWF under the umbrella of the Global Wildfires Information System (GWIS), a joint initiative of the GEO and the Copernicus Work Programs. The whole dataset consists of seven indices, each of which describes a different aspect of the effect that fuel moisture and wind have on fire ignition probability and its behavior, if started. The indices are called: Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Duff Moisture Code (DMC), Drought Code (DC), Initial Spread Index (ISI), Build Up Index (BUI), Fire Weather Index (FWI) and Daily Severity Rating (DSR). For convenience, each index is archived separately. </p> <p>Data are generated using the open source software GEFF v3.0 (https://git.ecmwf.int/projects/CEMSF/repos/geff), which now uses settings and parameters provided by the JRC (more info here https://git.ecmwf.int/projects/CEMSF/repos/geff/browse/NEWS.md). </p> <p>This dataset can be manipulated using the caliver R package (Vitolo et al. 2017, 2018). </p> <p>Details: </p> <ul> <li> <p>File format: netcdf4 </p> </li> <li> <p>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984 (also known as WGS 1984, EPSG:4326). </p> </li> <li> <p>Longitude range: [-180, +180] </p> </li> <li> <p>Latitude range: [-90, +90] </p> </li> <li> <p>Temporal resolution: 1 day </p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>Spatial resolution: 0.7 degrees (~80 Km) </p> </li> <li> <p>Spatial coverage: Global </p> </li> <li> <p>Time span: from 1980-01-01 to 2018-12-31 </p> </li> </ul>
Leaf moisture content (live-fuel moisture content) at global scale from passive microwave satellite observations of vegetation optical depth (VOD2LFMC)
<p><strong>Related paper:</strong> <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/preprints/hess-2022-121/">Forkel et al. (2022)</a></p> <p>The VOD2LFMC dataset contains estimates of leaf moisture content as defined as live-fuel moisture content (LFMC) derived from passive microwave satellite observation of vegetation optical depth (VOD). LFMC is defined as the fresh mass of a leaf over the dry mass and is expressed in %:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(LFMC = {m_{fresh}-m_{dry}\over m_{dry}}*100\%\)</span></p> <p>LFMC was estimated from the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2575599">VODCA version 1</a> dataset of Ku-band VOD using the model approach “B” as described in Forkel et al. (2022).</p> <p>The file VOD2LFMC-B_v01_2000-2017.zip contains (unzipped ~ 57 GB):</p> <ul> <li>daily global data per month netCDF files</li> <li>a README file</li> <li>Ancillary file VOD2LFMC-B_v01_support-by-obs.nc</li> </ul> <p>Grid, time and variable definitions:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Grid-name: Geographic Lat/Lon</p> </li> <li> <p>Pixel-size: 1/4 degrees</p> </li> <li> <p>Size-x: 1440</p> </li> <li> <p>Size-y: 557</p> </li> <li> <p>Time period: February 2000 – July 2017</p> </li> <li> <p>Temporal resolution: daily</p> </li> <li> <p>Variable: Live-fuel moisture content (LFMC) in %</p> </li> <li> <p>Valid-range: 0-400%</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p>
Live Fuel Moisture Content Mapping in the Mediterranean Basin Using Random Forests and Combining MODIS Spectral and Thermal Data
<p>Live fuel moisture content (LFMC), defined as the mass of water in the foliage and small twigs relative to its total dry mass, is a key factor affecting fire potential and determining wildfire danger and activity. Fuel moisture is directly related to the amount of energy needed to evaporate water before ignition. Consequently, high moisture values reduce, or even inhibit, ignitability and subsequent fire spread.</p> <p>To cover the absence of a specific model to estimate LFMC for the Mediterranean Basin at the sub-continental scale, we built an empirical model based on Random Forests (LFMC<sub>RF</sub>) and combining MODIS spectral bands, vegetation indices, land surface temperature, and the day of year as predictors. The details on the modeling and validation methods, and the accuracy of the estimates are in the related publication <strong><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133162">Cunill Camprubí et al., 2022</a></strong>.</p> <p>This dataset contains a collection of weekly LFMC maps from February 2000 to December 2021. The maps cover the Mediterranean and part of the Temperate biomes of the Mediterranean Basin. File <em>mapping_area_LFMC-RF_W-1.0.png</em> shows the target mapping areas.</p> <p>Metadata:</p> <ul> <li>Spectral Information: MODIS MCD43A4 C.6</li> <li>Land Surface Temperature: MODIS MOD11A2 C.6</li> <li>Land Cover Mask: MODIS MCD12Q1 C.6</li> <li>Coordinate Reference System: Native MODIS Sinusoidal</li> <li>Temporal Resolution: Weekly (W)</li> <li>Spatial Resolution: ~500 m</li> <li>File Format: NetCDF v.4</li> <li>Scale Factor: 0.01</li> </ul> <p>Fundings:</p> <p>The study was funded by the MICINN (RTI2018-094691-B-C31), European Union’s Horizon 2020-Research and Innovation Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 101003890 project FirEUrisk, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20179, 31850410483), and the talent proposals in Sichuan Province (2020JDRC0065) from Southwest University of Science and Technology (18ZX7131).</p>
Portuguese Live Fuel Moisture Content product
<p>This product contains a 2500m LFMC 8-day LFMC between 2017 and 2024 over the continental Portugal.<br><br>Metadata:</p> <p>Number of rows: 180<br>Number of columns: 240<br>Cell size: 0.025<br>File Format: netCDF4<br>Coordinate Reference System: GCS_WGS_1984 - EPSG 4326</p> <p>Files:</p> <ul> <li>LFMC_count - number of valid images for the entire period.</li> <li>LFMC_value - LFMC values product </li> </ul> <p>Fundings:</p> <p>Filippe Santos was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P (Grant 2022.11960.BD).<br>This research was funded by national funds through FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. under the PyroC.pt project (Refs. PCIF/MPG/0175/2019), ICT project (Refs. UIDB/04683/2020 and UIDP/04683/2020). This research was co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) in the framework of the Interreg VI-A España-Portugal (POCTEP) 2021-2027, FIREPOCTEP+ (0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E).</p> <p> </p>
DATASET : Thresholds of fire response to moisture and fuel load differ between tropical savannas and grasslands across continents
<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p> <p><strong>Aim:</strong> An emerging framework for tropical ecosystems states that fire activity is either ‘<em>fuel build-up limited</em>’ or ‘<em>fuel moisture limited</em>’ i.e. as you move up along rainfall gradients, the major control on fire occurrence switches from being the amount of fuel, to the moisture content of the fuel. Here we used remotely sensed datasets to assess whether interannual variability of burned area is better explained by annual rainfall totals driving fuel build-up, or by dry season rainfall driving fuel moisture.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Pantropical savannas and grasslands</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> 2002-2016</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We explored the response of annual burned area to interannual variability in rainfall. We compared several linear models to understand how <em>fuel moisture </em>and <em>fuel build-up effect </em>(accumulated rainfall during 6 and 24 months prior to the end of the burning season respectively) determine the interannual variability of burned area and explore if tree cover, dry season duration and human activity modified these relationships.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Fuel and moisture controls on fire occurrence in tropical savannas varied across continents. Only 24% of South American savannas were <em>fuel build-up limited</em> against 61% of Australian savannas and 47% of African savannas. On average, South America switched from fuel limited to moisture limited at 500 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>, Africa at 800 mm yr<sup>-1</sup> and Australia at 1000 mm yr<sup>-1 </sup>of mean annual rainfall.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> In 42% of tropical savannas (accounting for 41% of current area burned) increased drought and higher temperatures will not increase fire, but there are savannas, particularly in South America, that are likely to become more flammable with increasing temperatures. These findings highlight that we cannot transfer knowledge of fire responses to global change across ecosystems/regions – local solutions to local fire management issues are required, and different tropical savanna regions may show contrasting responses to the same drivers of global change.</p>
South Portugal Live Fuel Moisture Content (LFMC) dataset
<p>This dataset contains a collection of biweekly LFMC field samples collected between April 2022 and July 2023 over the Alentejo region, South Portugal.<br><br>Metadata:</p> <p>Coordinate Reference System: ETRS_1989_Portugal_TM06 - EPSG 3763<br>File Format: ESRI shapefile<br>Column Fields:</p> <ul> <li>FID - Internal ID</li> <li>Ponto - control point for backup purposes.</li> <li>LFMC - Live fuel moisture content (LFMC) in percentage.</li> <li>DATE - Sample date. AREA - in-situ field name.</li> <li>POINT_X - Longitude.</li> <li>POINT_Y - Latitude.</li> <li>POINT_Z - Altitude.</li> </ul> <p>Fundings:</p> <p>Filippe Santos was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P (Grant 2022.11960.BD).<br>This research was funded by national funds through FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. under the PyroC.pt project (Refs. PCIF/MPG/0175/2019), ICT project (Refs. UIDB/04683/2020 and UIDP/04683/2020).</p>
Multisite and multispecies live fuel moisture content (LFMC) series in the French Mediterranean since 1996
<p>Here is a dataset of live fuel moisture content (LFMC, computed as the water mass over dry mass of living shoots) time series, collected in the French Mediterranean area by the French National Forest Organization (“Office National des Forêts”) for operational fire prevention. A network of 53 sites (called the "Reseau Hydrique" network) were sampled, among which 35 are geolocalized for a maximum period extending from 1996 to 2016. For each site and year available, LFMC is measured during the summer season on shrub species (between one and three species per site) at a weekly to biweekly frequency depending on site and year.</p> <p>The dataset can be used to validate or calibrate fire danger model, assess remote sensing drought indices and understand the physiological and climatic determinants of LFMC. There are 584 site*year data (a total of 22787 individual data) for several shrub species of the French Mediterranean area.</p> <p>From the raw dataset, researchers from the Ecology of Mediterranean Forest Unit at INRA (French National Institute for Research in Agronomy) of Avignon (France) have produced an improved dataset that includes corrections, outlier identifications and error estimations. Preliminary validation assessments of the data quality were also produced.</p> <p>A data paper describing in detail the method and all the modifications, error estimations and evaluations of the raw dataset that were performed is under review in Annals of Forest Science. Both the raw and improved datasets are made available on Zenodo (Cabane et al 2017, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.162978).</p> <p>The attached dataset consists of four tables:</p> <ol> <li>The first table (<em>LFMC_final_Table.csv</em>) contains the live fuel moisture content (LFMC) on a dry weight basis (see Supplementary S1 for details). These are the robust estimates of LFMC and their associated standard errors which were both estimated from raw data with the method fully described above described in a data paper under revision (Martin-StPaul <em>et al</em>., under review in Annals of Forest Science). Each row in the table describe the LFMC at a given date, for a given species and a given site. The table has eleven columns. The first eight columns indicate the site identifier (SiteCode and SiteName), the species (Species), a unique identifier for a given species at a given site (SitexSpecies), the date (Date, Year, Month, Day of Year). The last three columns are respectively the robust LFMC (labelled RobustLFMC), the standard error <em>SE</em> (labelled RobustStandErrLFMC) and the number of valid measurements that were not identified as outliers (labelled RobustNval). RobustStandErrLFMC, and that can be used to estimate confidence limits depending on the desired confidence rate.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>The second table (<em>RainTable.csv</em>) contains rainfall measurements. The site identifiers are given (SiteCode and SiteName) and the rainfall amount (rainfall) corresponding to rainfall occurring between the day of year of the previous measurement (PreviousDoy) and the day of year when the measurement was performed (Doy). The last column enables to identify the doubtful measurements (RainFlag = 1), when the discharge of the gauge during the previous measurement was uncertain.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p> <ol> <li>The fourth table (<em>InfoSite_ReseauHydrique.csv</em>) contains a basic description of each site. It includes the identifier of the site (SiteCode and SiteName), the coordinates of the site in WGS84 (Longitude and Latitude), a flag indicating whether the site is still active (1= active, 0= inactive), the names of measured species (SpeciesName1 and up to SpeciesName3), the first and last year of measurement, as well as the number of measurement year available, for each species (StartYear, EndYear, NbYears).</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>The third table contains raw data as produced by the French National Forest Organization (<em>LFMC_raw_Table.csv</em>). The first twelve columns indicate site name, species name, and date, as in the first table. The six following columns indicate individual LFMC values (LFMC1 to LFMC5), and the mean LFMC value (FFSLFMC) released by the French Forest Service. The last six columns correspond to flags identifying outliers (LFMC1Flag to LFMC5Flag). Flags were attributed either manually or automatically (see Martin-StPaul <em>et al</em>., under review in Annals of Forest Science). Missing values (e.g. following an unforcasted rain event, see Methods) were represented by the symbol “NA“ (Not Available).</li> </ol> <p>Note that the initiative was funded by a French organization dedicated the protection of the Mediterranean forest (The "Délégation à la Protection de la Forêt Méditerranéenne") and the raw dataset is available on a French website (http://www.reseau-hydrique.org/). However the raw dataset is not fully adapted to scientific purposes for several reasons. The dataset is not referenced (<em>i.e.</em> does not have a DOI) and its description is in French. In addition, the labels of sampling sites have evolved over time and some species were given a vernacular name. Finally, raw data are expressed on fresh mass basis (instead of dry mass as generally done in scientific studies) and present some outliers, duplications and inconsistencies. Additionally, uncertainties were not provided in the raw datasets. This is why INRA researchers recommend the usage of the improved dataset. In the forthcoming month, additional data regarding the environmental description, the ecology and history of the sites will be provided.</p> <p> </p> <p>Martin-StPaul, N; Pimont, F; Dupuy JL; Rigolot E; Ruffault J; Fargeon H; Cabane E; Duché Y; Savazzi R; Toutchkov M. Multisite and multispecies live fuel moisture content (LFMC) series in the French Mediterranean area since 1996. Under revision in Annals of Forest Science.</p> <p> </p>
Sensitivity of fire weather indices, fuel sticks and satellite observations to fuel moisture content in Central European forests - Data
<p>This data repository contains datasets for destructively measured fuels of different types (FMC_insitu), meteorological data including 10-hour fuel stick measurements (FWS_30min) and calculated fire weather index components (FWS_FWI_24h) for four different sites in the Tharandt forest and Saxon Switzerland National Park in the Free State of Saxony (Germany) during the years 2022 (only DE-Tha) and 2023 (all four sites).</p> <p>The provided folders contain .csv files for each study site. Meteorological data in 30min for DE-Tha can be derived from the ICOS data portal (https://data.icos-cp.eu/portal/). For the remaining three sites (DE-BLB, DE-BWB, DE-SHW), past and recent data can be viewed via EMS Brno (e.g., http://www.emsbrno.cz/p.axd/en/Beech__Landberg.TU__DRESDEN.html). Upon request, the authors can share the data. </p> <p><strong>FMC_insitu</strong>: Destructively sampled fuel moisture content of different fuel types.</p> <p><strong>FWS_30min</strong>: Original measurements from the fire weather stations in 30 min time steps</p> <p><strong>FWS_FWI_24h</strong>: Measurements from fire weather stations in 24h time steps and the calculated fire weather index and its components. As requested for calculation of the FWI, meteorological variables are used at 13:00 (UTC), while PREC and PBC are the 24h sum prior to 13:00. </p> <p><strong>readme.txt</strong>: Description of repository content and the variables provided within the .csv files.</p> <p><strong>stations.csv</strong>: Contains the coordinates and a short description of the study sites. </p>
Data, plotting scripts, and figures for "Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures"
<p>This bundle of files contains all the data and plotting scripts for "Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures", as well as the figures themselves.</p> <p>These results are part of the paper:</p> <p>Tejas Chandrashekhar Mulky and Kyle E. Niemeyer. "Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures," 2018. Accepted for publication in <em>Proceedings of the Combustion Institute</em>, available via <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08396">https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08396</a></p>
Sample of Reanalysis Dead Fuel Moisture Content Dataset of California (2000-2020)
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Forecasting live fuel moisture of Adenostema fasciculatum and its relationship to regional wildfire dynamics across southern California shrublands
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Forest reorganisation effects on fuel moisture content can exceed changes due to climate warming in wet temperate forests
<p>48-year modelled dataset of below canopy fuel moisture content (FMC) for field sites established in wet temperate eucalypt forests in south-eastern Australia (allsites.csv). Raw hourly data for input to the model (hrlyallsitesgit.csv). </p>
Input files, plotting scripts, and figures for "Smoldering combustion in cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures: Examining the roles of density, fuel composition, oxygen concentration, and moisture content"
<p>This bundle of files contains all the <a href="http://reaxfire.com/trac/gpyro">Gpyro</a> input files, data, plotting scripts, and figures for "Smoldering combustion in cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures: Examining the roles of density, fuel composition, oxygen concentration, and moisture content". The README.txt file contains additional details about the contents.</p>
Datasets used in "Machine Learning and VIIRS Satellite Retrievals for Skillful Fuel Moisture Content Monitoring in Wildfire Management"
<p>Data sets used to train, validate, and test machine learning models for the prediction of 10-hour dead fuel moisture content. The data sets are for 375 m and 1 km resolutions. MADIS climatography data is also included. The datasets may be processed using the code supplied at https://github.com/NCAR/fmc_viirs. </p>
Data from: Fuel moisture content enhances nonadditive effects of plant mixtures on flammability and fire behavior
Fire behavior of plant mixtures includes a complex set of processes for which the interactive contributions of its drivers, such as plant identity and moisture, have not yet been unraveled fully. Plant flammability parameters of species mixtures can show substantial deviations of fire properties from those expected based on the component species when burnt alone; that is, there are nonadditive mixture effects. Here, we investigated how fuel moisture content affects nonadditive effects in fire behavior. We hypothesized that both the magnitude and variance of nonadditivity in flammability parameters are greater in moist than in dry fuel beds. We conducted a series of experimental burns in monocultures and 2‐species mixtures with two ericaceous dwarf shrubs and two bryophyte species from temperate fire‐prone heathlands. For a set of fire behavior parameters, we found that magnitude and variability of nonadditive effects are, on average, respectively 5.8 and 1.8 times larger in moist (30% MC) species mixtures compared to dry (10% MC) mixed fuel beds. In general, the moist mixtures caused negative nonadditive effects, but due to the larger variability these mixtures occasionally caused large positive nonadditive effects, while this did not occur in dry mixtures. Thus, at moister conditions, mixtures occasionally pass the moisture threshold for ignition and fire spread, which the monospecific fuel beds are unable to pass. We also show that the magnitude of nonadditivity is highly species dependent. Thus, contrary to common belief, the strong nonadditive effects in mixtures can cause higher fire occurrence at moister conditions. This new integration of surface fuel moisture and species interactions will help us to better understand fire behavior in the complexity of natural ecosystems.
Live fuel moisture content maps for western USA
<p>The attached .rar file contains live fuel moisture content maps for Western USA at 250 m resolution for every 15 days from 2016 to 2020. The method to create the maps is described in the manuscript Rao, Krishna, A. Park Williams, Jacqueline Fortin Flefil, and Alexandra G. Konings. "SAR-enhanced mapping of live fuel moisture content." Remote Sensing of Environment 245 (2020): 111797.</p>
Data from: Fuel moisture content enhances nonadditive effects of plant mixtures on flammability and fire behavior
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LBA-ECO CD-05 Understory Fuel Stick Moisture, km 67 Site, Para, Brazil: 1998-2000
This data set contains moisture content measurements for fuel sticks located in the forest understory of the rainfall exclusion experimental site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The mean and standard errors are reported for control and treatment plot measurements. The measurements were taken on various dates and times of day between 1998 and 2000 during the dry season.The rainfall exclusion treatment began in late January 2000 and continued through December 2004. About 60% of throughfall (equivalent to approximately half the rainfall) was diverted from a 1-hectare plot (i.e., dry) using plastic panels installed in the understory. The comparable 1-hectare control plot (i.e., wet) was unaltered. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad et al., 2002). There is one comma-separated (.csv) data file with this data set.
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