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499 results for “fuels”
Fuel Loading in Simulated Hurricane Experiment at Harvard Forest since 1993
Wind disturbance profoundly shapes temperate forests but few studies have evaluated patterns and mechanisms of long-term forest dynamics following major windthrows. In 1990, we initiated a large hurricane simulation experiment in a 0.8 ha manipulation (pulldown) and 0.6 ha control area of a maturing Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum forest in New England. We toppled 276 trees in the pulldown, using a winch and cable, in the northwesterly direction of natural treefall from major hurricanes. Eighty percent of canopy trees and two-thirds of all trees greater than 5 cm dbh suffered direct and indirect damage. An enormous input of dead wood was one result of the manipulation. Many perceive an increased risk of wildfire after trees are blown down, but this depends on the amount, size, and persistence of the dead wood inputs.
Dataset of "Activity-stability relationship in magnetron co-sputtered bimetallic catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells"
<p>In the present study, magnetron sputtered PtxM100-x (M = Co, Cu, Y; x = 25, 50, 75 and 100) bimetallic alloys were investigated as PEMFC cathodes. Accurate composition control enabled a systematic study of the correlation between alloy composition, activity, and stability. The catalysts underwent thorough characterization, employing a diverse portfolio of characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The activity of all investigated alloys was tested directly in a fuel cell device, while stability was assessed through potentiodynamic cycling in a half-cell. <br>The activity-stability index, considering experimental results for both activity and stability, was calculated and compared for all investigated catalysts. All alloys exhibited a volcano-type trend in activity-stability index as a function of the concentration of alloying element with peaks observed at Pt50Co50, Pt50Cu50 and Pt75Y25 for respective alloys, surpassing that of monometallic platinum. Overall, Pt50Co50 emerged as a catalyst with the highest activity-stability ratio.</p>
Dataset for "Impact of the flow-field distribution channel cross-section geometry on PEM fuel cell performance: stamped vs. milled channel"
<p>Experimental data comprises raw data from load curve characterisation of a PEM fuel cell used for the validation of the mathematical model. Model data comprise of space-dependent values of hydrogen and oxygen concentration, local current densities, gas pressures and gas velocities in the modelled cell. These data were used for the investigation of the effect of different geometric parameters of flow-field channels on the performance of a PEM fuel cell.</p>
Fine Fuel Moisture Code - ERA-Interim
<p>The Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) is a numeric rating of the moisture content of litter and other cured fine fuels. This code is an indicator of the relative ease of ignition and the flammability of fine fuel.</p> <p>This is part of a larger dataset providing gridded field calculations from the Canadian Fire Weather Index System using weather forcings from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset (Vitolo et al., 2019; Di Giuseppe et al., 2016). The dataset has been developed through a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre and ECMWF under the umbrella of the Global Wildfires Information System (GWIS), a joint initiative of the GEO and the Copernicus Work Programs. The whole dataset consists of seven indices, each of which describes a different aspect of the effect that fuel moisture and wind have on fire ignition probability and its behavior, if started. The indices are called: Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Duff Moisture Code (DMC), Drought Code (DC), Initial Spread Index (ISI), Build Up Index (BUI), Fire Weather Index (FWI) and Daily Severity Rating (DSR). For convenience, each index is archived separately. </p> <p>Data are generated using the open source software GEFF v3.0 (https://git.ecmwf.int/projects/CEMSF/repos/geff), which now uses settings and parameters provided by the JRC (more info here https://git.ecmwf.int/projects/CEMSF/repos/geff/browse/NEWS.md). </p> <p>This dataset can be manipulated using the caliver R package (Vitolo et al. 2017, 2018). </p> <p>Details: </p> <ul> <li> <p>File format: netcdf4 </p> </li> <li> <p>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984 (also known as WGS 1984, EPSG:4326). </p> </li> <li> <p>Longitude range: [-180, +180] </p> </li> <li> <p>Latitude range: [-90, +90] </p> </li> <li> <p>Temporal resolution: 1 day </p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>Spatial resolution: 0.7 degrees (~80 Km) </p> </li> <li> <p>Spatial coverage: Global </p> </li> <li> <p>Time span: from 1980-01-01 to 2018-12-31 </p> </li> </ul>
Pre- and post-fire vegetation and fuel loading data from mixed conifer plots in Arizona and New Mexico: 2010-2023
A permanent plot network was installed in mixed conifer stands across the U.S. Southwest (Arizona and New Mexico) between 2010-2013, primarily to monitor the spread and severity of white pine blister rust (WPBR), a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola on southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis). Study sites were mid-to-high elevation mixed conifer stands composed of southwestern white pine, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (Abies concolor), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), blue spruce (Picea pungens), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), corkbark fir (Abies latifolia var. arizonica), Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata), and New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana). After plot installation, 6 fires occurred in the study area, burning an estimated total of 489,390 acres and 30 plots. We remeasured plots at 1-, 5- and 10-year intervals post-fire, quantifying burn severity via a composite burn index (CBI) at the first year post-fire. We also assessed regeneration, overstory mortality, and fuel loading. Overstory variables collected included tree species, status, diameter at breast height (DBH), and mortality, as well as height, height to live crown base, strata, and crown class on a subset of trees. Understory trees were tallied by species. Fuel load was measured via transect and calculated in megagrams per hectare categorically based on fuel type. Other variables such as basal area and trees per hectare were derived and calculated. This dataset was utilized in the manuscript "Climate, fire, and the future of mixed conifer ecosystems in the U.S. Southwest" (currently in review), and R code used for analyses is included in the dataset.
Tree Health Conditions (mortality, damage, disease, bark beetles) in Fuel Reduction Treatments Located Near Communities in Interior Alaska and the Cook Inlet Region of Alaska - Observations from July-August 2023
This dataset contains tree-, transect-, and site-level observations of forest stands at sites that received a fuel reduction treatment. Tree-level observations include species, diameter, living status, damage, disease, and bark beetle presence. Transect-level observations include level of coarse woody debris and bark beetle presence. Sites are categorized by region (recent/ongoing spruce beetle oubreak or endemic spruce beetle population levels) and treatment type (hand-thinned or mechanincally felled and masticated). These observations are from July-August 2023. Sites are located near communities in Interior Alaska and the Cook Inlet Region.
Dataset of "Capabilities of a novel electrochemical cell for operando XAS and SAXS investigations for PEM fuel cells and water electrolysers"
<p>With this work we present a reversible electrochemical cell and introduce a valuable approach, suitable for being used either for in operando X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS). The reversible electrochemical cell was used to depict the time-resolved degradation of a Pt/C catalyst material for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). The evolution of the specific electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) was coupled to the evolution of morphological parameters, supported by the analysis of Pt oxidation state. As a result, we obtain a coherent picture in which: the increase of particle (and particle cluster) size is connected to the diminishing of ECSA and to the changes in the fraction of metallic Pt, detailing as the evolution develops in the first 2000 cycles, as previously observed on catalyst model systems. Finally, we introduce some preliminary results underlying the change in Ir oxidation state for a commercial Ir/IrO X catalyst material for PEM water electrolysers and showing as this change is not sufficient to induce any remarkable morphological variations within 500 cycles of accelerated stress tests.</p>
Analysis of two Methods for Aircraft Fuel Requirement Calculations in the Context of a novel Methodological Framework for LCA of Sustainable Aviation
<p>This Microsoft Excel file contains equations to compare different approaches to calculate fuel efficiency ("energy use" in [MJ/t*km]) of aircraft over a specific distance at a specific payload. </p> <p>Two approaches are compared: A novel approach by <a href="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163881" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Su-ungkavatin et al.</a> and the more established approach well documented by eg. <a href="https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/arbeiten/TextBurzlaff.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Burzlaff</a> or <a href="http://www.aircraftmonitor.com/uploads/1/5/9/9/15993320/aircraft_payload_range_analysis_for_financiers___v2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ackert</a>.</p> <p>This work augments a Letter to the Editor we submitted to the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/science-of-the-total-environment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.</p>
Live fuel in-flame flammability testing data
<p>Live fuel in-flame flammability testing data for white spruce in central Alberta collected in 2014</p>
Figure data and model used in Stranded fossil-fuel assets translate to major losses for investors in advanced economies
<p>The package contains i) the figure code and underlying data to create all figures in the main paper and supplementary information of the journal article and ii) the network and imputation model used to calculate the shock calculation.</p>
Leaf moisture content (live-fuel moisture content) at global scale from passive microwave satellite observations of vegetation optical depth (VOD2LFMC)
<p><strong>Related paper:</strong> <a href="https://hess.copernicus.org/preprints/hess-2022-121/">Forkel et al. (2022)</a></p> <p>The VOD2LFMC dataset contains estimates of leaf moisture content as defined as live-fuel moisture content (LFMC) derived from passive microwave satellite observation of vegetation optical depth (VOD). LFMC is defined as the fresh mass of a leaf over the dry mass and is expressed in %:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(LFMC = {m_{fresh}-m_{dry}\over m_{dry}}*100\%\)</span></p> <p>LFMC was estimated from the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2575599">VODCA version 1</a> dataset of Ku-band VOD using the model approach “B” as described in Forkel et al. (2022).</p> <p>The file VOD2LFMC-B_v01_2000-2017.zip contains (unzipped ~ 57 GB):</p> <ul> <li>daily global data per month netCDF files</li> <li>a README file</li> <li>Ancillary file VOD2LFMC-B_v01_support-by-obs.nc</li> </ul> <p>Grid, time and variable definitions:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Grid-name: Geographic Lat/Lon</p> </li> <li> <p>Pixel-size: 1/4 degrees</p> </li> <li> <p>Size-x: 1440</p> </li> <li> <p>Size-y: 557</p> </li> <li> <p>Time period: February 2000 – July 2017</p> </li> <li> <p>Temporal resolution: daily</p> </li> <li> <p>Variable: Live-fuel moisture content (LFMC) in %</p> </li> <li> <p>Valid-range: 0-400%</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p>
Live Fuel Moisture Content Mapping in the Mediterranean Basin Using Random Forests and Combining MODIS Spectral and Thermal Data
<p>Live fuel moisture content (LFMC), defined as the mass of water in the foliage and small twigs relative to its total dry mass, is a key factor affecting fire potential and determining wildfire danger and activity. Fuel moisture is directly related to the amount of energy needed to evaporate water before ignition. Consequently, high moisture values reduce, or even inhibit, ignitability and subsequent fire spread.</p> <p>To cover the absence of a specific model to estimate LFMC for the Mediterranean Basin at the sub-continental scale, we built an empirical model based on Random Forests (LFMC<sub>RF</sub>) and combining MODIS spectral bands, vegetation indices, land surface temperature, and the day of year as predictors. The details on the modeling and validation methods, and the accuracy of the estimates are in the related publication <strong><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133162">Cunill Camprubí et al., 2022</a></strong>.</p> <p>This dataset contains a collection of weekly LFMC maps from February 2000 to December 2021. The maps cover the Mediterranean and part of the Temperate biomes of the Mediterranean Basin. File <em>mapping_area_LFMC-RF_W-1.0.png</em> shows the target mapping areas.</p> <p>Metadata:</p> <ul> <li>Spectral Information: MODIS MCD43A4 C.6</li> <li>Land Surface Temperature: MODIS MOD11A2 C.6</li> <li>Land Cover Mask: MODIS MCD12Q1 C.6</li> <li>Coordinate Reference System: Native MODIS Sinusoidal</li> <li>Temporal Resolution: Weekly (W)</li> <li>Spatial Resolution: ~500 m</li> <li>File Format: NetCDF v.4</li> <li>Scale Factor: 0.01</li> </ul> <p>Fundings:</p> <p>The study was funded by the MICINN (RTI2018-094691-B-C31), European Union’s Horizon 2020-Research and Innovation Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 101003890 project FirEUrisk, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20179, 31850410483), and the talent proposals in Sichuan Province (2020JDRC0065) from Southwest University of Science and Technology (18ZX7131).</p>
Nanostructured La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3–Ce0.8Sm0.2O2 Heterointerfaces as All-Ceramic Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications
<p>Dataset for article "Nanostructured La<sub>0.75</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Cr<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Ce<sub>0.8</sub>Sm<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Heterointerfaces as All-Ceramic Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications" published in <em>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces</em> 2022.</p> <p>The data includes:</p> <ul> <li>Schematic on the nanostructures fabricated for the work (Figure 1)</li> <li>Top view AFM images of the nanostructures studied (Figure 3)</li> <li>TEM-EDX images of the nanostructures studied (Figure 4)</li> <li>ASTAR analysis of the nanostructures studied (Figure 5)</li> <li>X-Ray Diffraction data of thin films with composition: La<sub>0.75</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Cr<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (LSCrMn), Ce<sub>0.8</sub>Sm<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (SDC), and two La<sub>0.75</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Cr<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Ce<sub>0.8</sub>Sm<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>(LSCrMn-SDC) nanostructures -bilayer (BL) and nanocomposite (NC)-</li> <li>Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy raw data for LSCrMn, SDC and LSCrMn-SDC thin films measured under air and wet hydrogen atmospheres at different temperatures (630-750 ºC)</li> <li>Arrhenius analysis of the area specific resistance (ASR) of the films under air and hydrogen atmospheres</li> <li>In-plane conductivity evolution with temperature data measured under air and 5% hydrogen atmospheres of the two LSCrMn-SDC nanostructures</li> <li>ASR evolution with time measured for over 400 h at 780 ºC</li> </ul>
Portuguese Live Fuel Moisture Content product
<p>This product contains a 2500m LFMC 8-day LFMC between 2017 and 2024 over the continental Portugal.<br><br>Metadata:</p> <p>Number of rows: 180<br>Number of columns: 240<br>Cell size: 0.025<br>File Format: netCDF4<br>Coordinate Reference System: GCS_WGS_1984 - EPSG 4326</p> <p>Files:</p> <ul> <li>LFMC_count - number of valid images for the entire period.</li> <li>LFMC_value - LFMC values product </li> </ul> <p>Fundings:</p> <p>Filippe Santos was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P (Grant 2022.11960.BD).<br>This research was funded by national funds through FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P. under the PyroC.pt project (Refs. PCIF/MPG/0175/2019), ICT project (Refs. UIDB/04683/2020 and UIDP/04683/2020). This research was co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) in the framework of the Interreg VI-A España-Portugal (POCTEP) 2021-2027, FIREPOCTEP+ (0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E).</p> <p> </p>
Unclean but affordable solid fuels effectively sustained household energy equity
<p>This dataset contains the data used in preparation for the paper "Unclean but affordable solid fuels effectively sustained household energy equity" by Ke Jiang et al, describing the inequity of household energy consumption, cost and burden in mainland China in 2017.</p>
Experimental characterisation of the ULB semi-industrial furnace operating under MILD conditions with non-conventional fuels
<p>This data set contains:</p> <p>- Averaged temperature measurements data<br> - Species concentrations measurements in the exhausted gas<br> - Ensemble-averaged OH* and CH* radicals chemiluminescence spatially resolved intensity values</p> <p>The furnace is fired using a 20 kW capacity recuperative commercial flame/FLOX® burner (REKUMAT M150) of WS make. </p> <p>The following fuel mixtures were tested:</p> <p>- Fuel mixtures of CH4/H2<br> - Fuel mixtures of NH3/H2<br> - Fuel mixtures of CH3OCH3/CH4 and CH3OCH3/H2</p>
Evaporation of materials from the molten salt reactor fuel under elevated temperatures - Dataset
<p>The release of fission product and salt compounds from a molten salt reactor fuel under accident conditions was investigated with coupled computer simulations. The thermodynamic modeling of the salt and fission product mixture was performed in The Gibbs Energy Minimization Software GEMS and the obtained compound vapor pressures were exchanged with the severe accident code MELCOR, where the evaporation from a salt surface located at the bottom of a confinement building was simulated. The fuel salt considered in the simulations was LiF-ThF<sub>4</sub>-UF<sub>4</sub> with fission products Cs and I. The composition of the fuel salt material was obtained from an equilibrium fuel cycle simulation of the salt using the EQL0D routine coupled to the Serpent 2 code. The results were compared to simulations using pure compound vapor pressures in the evaporation simulations. It was observed that by modeling the salt mixing the release of fission products and salt materials was reduced when compared to the pure compound simulations. The mixing effects in the salt, when compared to the pure compound simulation also affected evaporation temperatures and therefore the timing of the release of compounds. In an additional simulation in which the depressurization of the confinement was considered, the total evaporated mass of compounds increased due to increased mass transfer at the salt surface. The simulation process described in this paper can be used for a more comprehensive accident analysis of molten salt reactors once the detailed description of the reactor confinement and accident sequences are available and more fission product elements have been added to the analysis.</p>
Data, plotting scripts, and figures for "A physics-based ignition model with detailed chemical kinetics for live fuel burning studies"
<p>This repository contains the data, plotting scripts, and figures associated with the paper "A physics-based ignition model with detailed chemical<br>kinetics for live fuel burning studies" by Diba Behnoudfar and Kyle E. Niemeyer.</p> <p>See the README file for additional details.</p>
Solar Chemicals and Fuels - SWOT ANALYSIS
<p>This dataset includes a comprehensive collection of materials and analyses used in the publication "Exploring the SWOTs (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) of Solar Chemicals and Fuels: Findings from a Literature Review and a Workshop Exercise."</p> <p>The dataset consists of a PDF file, with the full-text NVivo coding results, and an Excel file, which contains:</p> <ol> <li>A complete list of documents analyzed, along with their bibliographic information.</li> <li>A compilation table of the SWOT analysis developed after the text-mining exercise and literature review.</li> <li>Word trees retrieved from NVivo.</li> <li>Full quantitative analysis of the NVivo codes and their references.</li> <li>Citation analysis data.</li> <li>Matrix query results on "Policy versus Workshop."</li> </ol>
Diversity of options to eliminate fossil fuels and reach carbon-neutrality across the entire European energy system
<p><strong>Sector-coupled Euro-Calliope model outputs</strong></p> <p>The subdirectories found here cover cost-optimal and cost relaxation (SPORES) carbon-neutrality runs for a sector-coupled, sub-national resolution European energy system model.</p> <p>The underlying model to produce these results, <a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/sector-coupled-euro-calliope">Sector-coupled Euro-Calliope</a>, is an extension of the power-sector only <a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/euro-calliope">Euro-Calliope model</a>. It incorporates all energy consuming sectors and includes a more detailed representation of transmission capacities between 98 model regions in Europe.</p> <p>The model runs here are based on specific Sector-Coupled Euro-Calliope minor releases:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/euro-calliope-2.0/commit/74f6a9b2e157b6147e155b556f521c03ef23246a">cost-opt</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/euro-calliope-2.0/commit/519a4fb26920114e451b8247b38ed86b93b6af89">slack-*</a></li> </ul> <p>The models were optimised using the <a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope">Calliope open energy system modelling framework</a>, again based on different minor releases:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/commit/1faed85eeddbe41c29d52982a6bfb147ef9001a3">cost-opt</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/commit/19460da2e23e752995a9a02ae6dca49379565d43">slack-*</a></li> </ul> <p><code>slack-*</code> results are for cost relaxation runs, where <code>*</code> refers to the percentage relaxation from the optimal cost of the 2018 energy system. All results use the <a href="https://github.com/sentinel-energy/friendly_data">friendly data</a> format. Data files are structured according to standardised sector-coupled Euro-Calliope output processing provided by the <a href="https://github.com/brynpickering/friendly-calliope">friendly-calliope</a> package + additional processing to produce data relevant to nine high-level metrics (see script <a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/sector-coupled-euro-calliope/blob/main/src/analyse/result_to_friendly.py">here</a>).</p> <p>Both cost optimal and SPORES results related to a projected demand scenario are given in the directories ending in "demand-update".</p> <p>To explore the data, please refer to the <a href="https://sentinel-energy.github.io/friendly_data/">friendly data documentation</a>.</p>
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