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Supplementary material for "The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): functional and phylogenetic implications"
<p><strong>Left_inner_ear_Doedicurus.stl</strong>: digital model of the inner ear of <em>Doedicurus </em>in stl format.</p> <p><strong>Left_inner_ear_Glyptodon.stl</strong>: digital model of the inner ear of <em>Glyptodon </em>in stl format.</p> <p><strong>Left_inner_ear_Holmesina.stl</strong>: digital model of the inner ear of <em>Holmesina</em> in stl format.</p> <p><strong>Left_inner_ear_Panochthus.stl</strong>: digital model of the inner ear of <em>Panochthus </em>in stl format.</p> <p><strong>Left_inner_ear_Pseudoplohophorus.stl</strong>: digital model of the inner ear of <em>Pseudoplohophorus </em>in stl format.</p> <p><strong>Matrix.nex:</strong> Matrix used to perform the phylogenetic analysis of xenarthrans based on inner ear characters.</p> <p><strong>PC1, PC2, PC3 loadings plot.pdf:</strong> Figures showing the loadings of the morphometric variables in each of the first three principal components.</p> <p><strong>Principal Components Analysis.xlsx:</strong> Spreadsheet with the results of the Principal Components Analysis: PC summary, PC scores, and PC loadings.</p> <p>T<strong>able S1. Deviation from orthogonality.pdf:</strong> Deviation from orthogonality (log<sub>10</sub>90var), and agility categories from Spoor et al. (2007).</p> <p><strong>Tree-PGLS.tre:</strong> Tree based on the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses using molecular and morphological data and time-scaled a posteriori, to perform the PGLS analysis with the morphological data of the inner ear.</p> <p> </p>
◂Fig. 3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 3 Gynoecium of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A, B stack shot images; C–K light microscopy; G polarised light; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B Anthetic female flower, calyx and corolla partly removed. B LS of gynoecium. C LS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained peripheral tissue of corolla, anther and gynoecium). D LS of gynoecium. E, F TS of functionally female flower %note strongly stained, peripheral tissue). G TS of functionally female flower %note crystal deposition). H LS of ovule %note stalked embryo sac). J TS of functionally male flower with non-functional ovules. K LS of functionally male flower %style lacking, original position indicated by an asterisk) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; a,anther; bs, basal septum; c, calyx; car, carpel; co, corolla; db, dorsal bundles; es, embryo sac; fs, false septum; lb, lateral bundles; o, ovule; stg, stigma; sty, style; t, trichomes; tt, transmission tissue; ut, peripheral, strongly stained tissue; vb, ventral bundles; vs, ventral slit)
Fig. 6 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma
Fig. 6. Fifth (A), sixth (B, C), seventh (F, G) and more distal (H, I) secundibrachials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A, B, E, F, H, I. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/28, probably IIBr5, oral (A1) and aboral (A2) views. B. ZPAL Ca.6/29, probably IIBr6, oral (B1) and aboral (B2) views. E. ZPAL Ca.6/32, probably IIBr6 or 7, oral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. F. ZPAL Ca.6/30, probably IIBr7, oral (F1) and aboral (F2) view. H. ZPAL Ca.6/10, distal secundibrachial (IIBr8 and higher), oral (H1), proximal (H2), lateral (H3, proximal side right), and distal (H4) views. I. ZPAL Ca.6/31, distal brachial, lateral view (I1) and articulation facet (I2). C. Saccocoma sp., ZPAL Ca.6/34, probably IIBr6, oral (C1), aboral (C2), lateral/aboral (C3), and distal/aboral (C4) views. D. Saccocoma vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/35, IIBr5, 6 or 7, oral (D1), aboral (D2), lateral (D3, proximal side left), proximal (D4), distal (D5), and lateral (D6, proximal side right) views. G. Saccocoma aff. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/33, probably IIBr7 or more distal secundibrachial, oral (G1), aboral (G2), and lateral (G3, proximal side right) views.
Fig. 4 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma
Fig. 4. First (A) and second (B–F) primibrachials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A, B. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/25, IBr1, oral (A1), aboral (A2), lateral (A3), proximal (A4), and distal (A5) views. B. ZPAL Ca.6/16, IBr2 (IAx), oral (B1), aboral (B2), lateral/oral (B3), and distal (B4) views. C. Saccocoma sp., ZPAL Ca.6/19, IBr2 (IAx), oral (C1), aboral (C2), and distal (C3) views. D, E.Saccocoma aff. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984. D. ZPAL Ca.6/18, IBr2 (IAx), oral (D1), aboral (D2), lateral (D3), distal (D4), and lateral/slightly aboral (D5) views. E. ZPAL Ca.6/17, IBr2 (IAx), oral (E1), aboral (E2), lateral/slightly aboral (E3), and distal (E4) views. F. S. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/20, IBr2 (IAx), oral (F1), aboral (F2), and lateral (F3) views.
Fig. 5 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma
Fig. 5. First or third (A), second (B–G) and fourth (H, I) secundibrachials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A, B, H, I. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/21, IIBr1 or 3, proximal (A1), lateral (A2, proximal side to the left), distal (A3), and aboral (A4) views. B. ZPAL Ca.6/15, IIBr2, oral (B1) and aboral (B2) views. H. ZPAL Ca.6/27, IIBr4, oral (H1) and aboral (H2) views. I. ZPAL Ca.6/26, IIBr4, oral (I1) and aboral (I2) views. C, D. Saccocoma tenella? (Goldfuss, 1831). C. ZPAL Ca.6/14, IIBr2, oral (C1) and aboral (C2) views. D. ZPAL Ca.6/13, IIBr2, oral (D1) and aboral (D2) views. E, F. Saccocoma aff. vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984. E. ZPAL Ca.6/23, IIBr2, oral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. F. ZPAL Ca.6/22, IIBr2, oral (F1) and aboral (F2) views. G. Saccocoma vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984, ZPAL Ca.6/24, IIBr2, oral (G1), aboral (G2), proximal (G3), distal (G4), and lateral/proximal views.
Fig. 3 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma
Fig. 3. Radials of Saccocoma from Tithonian red Rogoża Coquina at Rogoźnik, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland. A–E. Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). A. ZPAL Ca.6/01, exterior view. B. ZPAL Ca.6/02, exterior view. C. ZPAL Ca.6/03, exterior view. D. ZPAL Ca.6/09, interior view (D1) and details of the upper part (D2, enlarged twice). E. ZPAL Ca.6/12, interior view (E1) and details of the upper part (E2, enlarged twice); oral view (E3) and details of the articulation facet (E4, enlarged twice). F–I. Saccocoma vernioryi Manni and Nicosia, 1984. F. ZPAL Ca.6/11, oral view (F1) and details of the articulation facet (F2, enlarged twice). G. ZPAL Ca.6/08, interior view (G1) and muscle fields viewed from different angle (G2, enlarged twice). H. ZPAL Ca.6/06, exterior view. I. ZPAL Ca.6/05, exterior view.
Fig. 2 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma
Fig. 2. Arrangement and articulation of proximal brachials in Saccocoma tenella. Asterisks denote non−muscular (cryptosynarthrial) articulations. Not to scale.
Fig. 1 in Functional anatomy and mode of life of the latest Jurassic crinoid Saccocoma
Fig. 1. Restoration of Saccocoma tenella (Goldfuss, 1831). Some arms or their distal parts omitted for clarity (drawing by Jerzy Dzik based on a model constructed by the author).
Figure 16 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 16. Distal epiphysis of left ulnae of Simocyon batalleri from batallones-1 (A), Gulo gulo (B) and Potos flavus (C); arrows indicate the distal end of the attachment surface for the pronator quadratus muscle. The bones are illustrated at the same size.
Figure 15 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 15. Cranial view of the distal epiphysis of a humerus of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1, showing the attachment areas of the main flexor muscles of the forearm: p.t., pronator teres; f.c.r., flexor carpi radialis; f.d.s. + f.d.p.cu, common area of flexor digitorum superficialis and condilo-ulnaris branch of the flexor digitorum profundus; f.d.p.c, centralis branch of the flexor digitorum profundus; f.d.p.cr, condilo-radialis branch of the flexor digitorum profundus p.l., palmaris longus; and f.c.u., flexor carpi ulnaris.
Figure 8 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 8. Lateral (top row) and medial (bottom row) views of selected right metacarpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A and F, B-2248, Mc V; B and G, B/S-218, Mc IV; C and H, B-2526(3), Mc III; D and I, B-1956, Mc II; and E and J, B-3684, Mc I.
Figure 7 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 7. Articulated metapodials of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 in dorsal view: A, right metacarpals; B, left metatarsals.
Figure 5 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 5. Long bones of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–D, B-2390, right humerus in lateral (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and cranial (D) views; E–F, B-438, left ulna in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; and G–H, B-3680, right radius in medial (G) and lateral (H) views.
Figure 19 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 19. Skeletal reconstruction of Simocyon batalleri. The pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae, sacrum and caudal vertebrae are not known in the Batallones-1 sample, and have been reconstructed on the basis of Ailurus fulgens (artwork by M. Antón).
Figure 6 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 6. Carpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-5449, left unciform in dorsal (A) and medial (B) views; C–D, B-1767(2), right magnum in medial (C) and lateral (D) views; E–F, B-5441, left radial sesamoid in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views; G–H, B-1575, right trapezoid in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-250, right pyramidal in medial (I) and lateral (J) views; K–L, right scapholunar in proximal (K) and distal (L.) views; M–N, B-2264, pisiform in proximal (M) and dorsal (N) views.
Figure 11 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 11. Tarsals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-608, right ectocuneiform in proximal (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, B/S-405, right cuboid in dorsal (C) and medial (D) views; E–F, B-2497, left calcaneus in medial (E) and plantar (F) views; G–H, B-2496, left navicular in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-2526(8), left mesocuneiform in lateral (I) and medial (J) views; and K–L, B-1061, left astragalus in plantar (K) and dorsal (L.) views.
Figure 1 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 1. Skull (top) and life appearance (bottom) of Simocyon batalleri, based on the fossils from Batallones-1 (artwork by M. Antón).
Figure 2 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1. A–C, B-7038, third cervical vertebra in cranial (A), lateral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D–E, B-2188, fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and cranial (E) views; F–G, B-1767(1), sixth cervical vertebra in lateral (F) and cranial (G) views; and H–I, B-1676(3), seventh cervical vertebra in cranial (H) and lateral (I) views.
Figure 3. B-429 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 3. B-429, articulated third to sixth lumbar vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A, lateral, B, dorsal views.
Figure 18 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Figure 18. Dorsal views of articulated left calcaneus and astragalus of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (A), Ailurus fulgens (B), Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 (C), Gulo gulo (D) and Potos flavus (E).
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