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Fig. 1 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 1. Map of the study area, showing: the state of São Paulo (A); and the rio São José dos Dourados basin (B), where the forested streams (black circles), which were located in the largest forest fragments of the river basin (grey areas), and the deforested streams (grey circles) were located (C).

Fig. 3 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 3. Identification of the functional groups defined by partitions #30 and #33, with their respective trends of change in species abundance as a function of deforestation. The dominant traits of the functional groups that were important for stream differentiation according to the DPCoA (Fig. 4) are also shown. Species names are abbreviated according to Table 2.

Fig. 2 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 2. Dendrogram of the functional similarities of the 35 fish species included in the analyses. Mean species abundances within the forested (F1-F3) and deforested (D1-D3) streams are represented by the sizes of the black squares. Species names are abbreviated according to Table 2.

Fig. 4 in Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

Fig. 4. Double Principal Coordinate Analysis (DPCoA) biplot ordination, describing the functional differences between forested (F1-F3) and deforested (D1-D3) streams. Black circles indicate each species, and their relative positions reflect their functional dissimilarities. Species are linked according to the functional groups originating from partitions #33 (a) and #30 (b). Species identities and their functional traits are shown in Fig. 3.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2018View details →

Functional plasticity in vertebrate scavenger assemblages in the presence of introduced carnivores

<p>Data for manuscript focusing on the consumption of varying amounts of carrion by coastal scavengers in Queensland, Australia. </p>

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone

Fig. 3. Contribution of taxonomic groups (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora) to quantitative (Abundance %DI) and qualitative (Species richness %DQ) dominances for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat;BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone

Fig. 1. Substrate characterization of the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Intertidal zones (High, Mid and Low) and percent cover (mean) of algae habitat (ALG), bare rock (BAR), barnacle belt (BNC) and mussel beds (MUS).

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone

Fig. 5. Index of trophic diversity (ITD) calculated (mean ± SE, standard error) for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat; BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Significant differences are indicated with different letters (Tukey's test: p<0.05).

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone

Fig. 2. Mollusk assemblages: number of individuals (Abundance), number of species (Species richness) and diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver H' and Pielou's evenness J) calculated (mean ± SE) measured for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat; BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Significant differences are indicated with different letters (Tukey's test: p<0.05).

Fig. 2 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient

Fig. 2. Average position of species occurrence along the gradient of habitat structure (dark circles). The horizontal bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean position of each species, and the vertical bars at the bottom of the graph represent the position of each stream along the habitat gradient (axis 1 of RLQ). Species codes are presented in Table 2.

Fig. 1 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient

Fig. 1. Location of the study area in the northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil (black area on the country map), showing the 91 streams sampled.

Fig. 3 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient

Fig. 3. Pearson correlation between the stream scores of the first RLQ axis and the original values of the environmental variables. All correlations were significant (Pearson correlation, P <0.05), except for the proportion of bedrock in the substrate (triangle).

Fig. 4 in Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient

Fig. 4. Functional traits significantly correlated with the first RLQ axis (Pearson correlation, P <0.005). In each graph, the first RLQ axis represents streams with banks covered by grasses and sandy bottom (less complex) and streams with banks covered by trees/shrubs and bottom with rocks/woody debris (more complex).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic and functional turnover of Amazonian stream fish assemblages is determined by deforestation history and environmental variables at multiple scales

FIGURE 1 | Sampled sites and forest fragments in the Machado River basin, Brazil. The inset map of Brazil depicts the relative location of the study area (black) within the Madeira River basin (dark gray), inside the Amazon biome (light gray).

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic and functional turnover of Amazonian stream fish assemblages is determined by deforestation history and environmental variables at multiple scales

FIGURE 4 | Explained variation of environmental contribution in turnover metrics partitioned by MRM and associated commonality analysis into pure local, shared and pure catchment components. RC = Raup-Crick; MPD = mean pairwise distance; MNTD = mean nearest taxon distance; all = all sampled streams; ref = streams with forested watersheds; new = streams with recently deforested watersheds; old = streams with historically deforested watersheds.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic and functional turnover of Amazonian stream fish assemblages is determined by deforestation history and environmental variables at multiple scales

FIGURE 2 | Distribution of sampling sites with (A) forest patches ranked according to the forest quality multimetric index and (B) effective forest cover. Non-forested area is white and is not included in the multimetric index calculation (or legend).

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic and functional turnover of Amazonian stream fish assemblages is determined by deforestation history and environmental variables at multiple scales

FIGURE 3 | Standardized effect sizes for each taxonomic and functional turnover metric (mean and 95% confidence intervals). RC = Raup-Crick; MPD = mean pairwise distance; MNTD = mean nearest taxon distance; ref = streams with forested watersheds; new = streams with recently deforested watersheds; old = streams with historically deforested watersheds.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

FIGURE 4 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 4 | Structural equation model diagrams showing the effects of landscape degradation (CDI) on the functional structure of stream fish assemblages from the Araguari River basin. CDI influenced functional diversity mediated by alterations in habitat heterogeneity and stability (A. Model fit: X2 = 32.8, df = 25, p = 0.51). CDI also influenced functional identity, mediated by changes in habitat type (B. Model fit: X2 = 44.9, df = 18, p = 0.13). Arrows indicate positive (black) and negative (gray) significant direct effects (p <0.05; *p <0.10), with thickness proportional to their power (standardized path coefficients along arrows). Biodiversity metrics – FRic: Functional Richness; FDiv: Functional Divergence; FEve: Functional Evennes; FSpe: Functional Specialization; FOri: Functional Originality; CWM1-3: Functional Identity. For physical-habitat codes, calculation and ecological meaning, see Tab. 1.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

FIGURE 5 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 5 | Ecomorphological space showing the position of each fish species (36) from the Araguari River basin. Each plot represents two axes of a principal component analysis (PCA), where species are plotted according to their respective trait values. Codes at the ends of the arrows are the most important ecomorphological traits for each PCA axis. For trait and species codes, see Tab. 2 and Tab. S3, respectively).