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18 results for “functional beta diversity”
Data from publication: Castillioni, K., & Isbell, F. (2023). Early positive spatial selection effects of beta-diversity on ecosystem functioning. Landscape Ecology, 1-15.
Data from publication: Castillioni, K., & Isbell, F. (2023). Early positive spatial selection effects of beta-diversity on ecosystem functioning. Landscape Ecology, 1-15. Spatial beta-diversity may increase landscape productivity if there are positive spatial selection effects. Alternatively, dominant species in mixtures might not be the most productive species in monoculture leading to negative or neutral spatial selection effects. However, these hypotheses remain untested experimentally. Seedling survival can determine species establishment, influencing productivity later. To address this knowledge gap, we experimentally tested whether transplanted seedlings of dominant species optimally sort among habitat types (grassland dominated by Andropogon gerardii, savanna by Quercus macrocarpa, deciduous forest by Acer rubrum, coniferous forest by Pinus strobus, bog by Larix laricina), creating positive effects of landscape diversity on seedling survival and net biodiversity effects at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (CCESR) in Minnesota, USA. The study is named BetaDIV and consists of 100 plots (20 plots per habitat × 5 habitats). Each of the five habitats includes two true replicate monocultures for each of the five species and two true replicates for each of the five possible mixture compositions of four species (leaving each one out in turn to eventually explore the effect of species identity). Each plot is 1.5 by 1.5 m, with 12 seedlings planted 0.5 m apart in a 4 × 4 square grid, except in the plot corners. In the early June 2022, we tagged and planted all seedlings (i.e., bareroot seedlings for trees and plugs for the grass A. gerardii). Two weeks after the initial transplanting, we started tracking seedling survival (presented here) to investigate how seedlings responded to local habitat conditions. We conducted a seedling census for each of the 1200 tagged seedlings (12 seedlings per plot×100 plots), in early September 2022, which was two months at the end
Data from: Temporal changes in taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity across tree communities in subtropical Atlantic forests
<h2><strong>The study is published in Oikos and available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10961">https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.10961</a></strong></h2> <p>Here we aim to assess temporal taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity of adult and juvenile tree communities across 11 sites in the subtropical Brazilian Atlantic Forest to infer about trends and drivers of biodiversity change. The tree communities were evaluated for temporal changes in: (1) taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, (2) taxonomic and functional composition (beta diversity), and (3) identifying potential abiotic and biotic drivers of these changes, considering three censuses across a period of 10 years.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Files description:</h2> <p><strong>traits-adults.csv</strong> - adult tree species and their functional traits values.</p> <p><strong>traits-juveniles.csv</strong> - juvenile tree species and their functional trait values.</p> <p><strong>abundance-adults_synthesis.csv</strong> - adult tree species abundance over the three time periods of forest surveys (T1, T2, and T3). Raw data on tree individual level is available at ForestPlots.net database (<a href="https://forestplots.net/">https://forestplots.net/</a>) under request.</p> <p><strong>abundance-juveniles_synthesis.csv</strong> - juvenile tree species abundance over the three time periods of forest surveys (T1, T2, and T3). Raw data on tree individual level is available at ForestPlots.net database (<a href="https://forestplots.net/">https://forestplots.net/</a>) under request.</p> <p>Functional traits abbreviations are defined as follows: LA = leaf area; SLA = specific leaf area; WD = wood density; SM = seed mass; range_temp = range of mean annual temperature; range_CWD = range of climatological water deficit; and biomes_distrib = number of Brazilian biomes that the species occur according to Flora and Funga do Brazil.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Acknowledgments</strong></h2> <p>This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, through Portal de Periódicos and scholarships granted to JMFK, JK and RCP. The fieldwork was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS grant numbers 2218 – 2551/12-2 and 19/2551-0001698-0), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/FAPERGS/PELD number 441590/2020-9), and the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, supported by MCTIC/CNPq (grant number 465610/2014-5). KMB gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the National Institute of Science and Technology in Low Carbon Emission Agriculture (INCT-ABC) sponsored by Brazil’s National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant no. 406635/2022-6), the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Fapergs, grant no. 22/2551-0000392-3), and the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA). SCM is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; grant number 309659/2019-1.</p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>Please find below the data used in the study.</strong></h3>
Functional beta diversity of New Zealand fishes: characterising morphological turnover along depth and latitude gradients, with derivation of functional bioregions
<p>Changes in the functional structures of communities are rarely examined along multiple large-scale environmental gradients. Here, we describe patterns in functional beta diversity for New Zealand marine fishes <i>vs</i> depth and latitude, including broad-scale delineation of functional bioregions. We derived eight functional traits related to food acquisition and locomotion and calculated complementary indices of functional beta diversity for 144 species of marine ray-finned fishes occurring along large-scale depth (50 - 1200 m) and latitudinal gradients (29° - 51° S) in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone. We focused on a suite of morphological traits calculated directly from <i>in situ</i> Baited Remote Underwater Stereo-Video (stereo-BRUV) footage and museum specimens. We found that functional changes were primarily structured by depth followed by latitude, and that latitudinal functional turnover decreased with increasing depth. Functional turnover among cells increased with increasing depth distance, but this relationship plateaued for greater depth distances (> 750 m). In contrast, functional turnover did not change significantly with increasing latitudinal distance at 700 - 1200 m depths. Shallow functional bioregions (50 - 100 m) were distinct at different latitudes, whereas deeper bioregions extended across broad latitudinal ranges. Fishes in shallow depths had a body shape conducive to efficient propulsion, while fishes in deeper depths were more elongated, enabling slow, energy-efficient locomotion, and had large eyes to enhance vision. Environmental filtering may be a primary driver of broad-scale patterns of functional beta diversity in the deep sea. Greater environmental homogeneity may lead to greater functional homogeneity across latitudinal gradients at deeper depths (700 - 1200 m). We suggest that communities living at depth may follow a 'functional village hypothesis', whereby similar key functional niches in fish communities may be maintained over large spatial scales.</p>
Functional beta diversity of New Zealand fishes: characterising morphological turnover along depth and latitude gradients, with derivation of functional bioregions
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Unravelling the factors affecting taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversity of stream macroinvertebrate communities in the World's Third Pole
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: </span><span>Disentangling how</span><span> stochastic and deterministic processes contribute to variation in beta diversity is a common goal for ecologists and biogeographers. However, such studies are scarce in alpine streams, especially when different diversity facets are considered. Here, we combined different approaches to examine the drivers of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversities and discussed how our results can inform community assembly and biodiversity conservation in Tibetan streams.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: </span><span>Tibet </span><span>Plateau</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: </span><span>Macroinvertebrates</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span>We first partitioned multiple facets of beta diversity (B<sub>total</sub>) into species replacement (B<sub>repl</sub>) and richness difference (B<sub>rich</sub>) as well as local (LCBD) or species (SCBD) contributions. Then, we applied ordination methods to examine the relative importance of local, climatic and spatial factors on </span><span>B<sub>total</sub></span><span>, </span><span>B<sub>repl</sub></span><span> and </span><span>B<sub>rich</sub></span><span>, respectively. We explored community assembly rules using null models based on trait and phylogeny structure. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span>B<sub>total</sub></span><span> displayed high values and was primarily driven by B<sub>repl</sub>. Local, climatic and spatial factors were poor predictors of the different facets of beta diversity. Null models showed that the diversity metrics did not differ from those of null expectations, suggesting that most individual streams might be occupied by species that were merely random draws from the functional or phylogenetic pools available in this region. Partitioning beta diversity into LCBD and SCBD implied that the upper canyon streams were more unique than those at lower elevations and can be valuable for biodiversity conservation.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: </span><span>Analyzing multiple facets of beta diversity provide important insights into community assembly that cannot be acquired by focusing on taxonomic diversity only. Using a multi-faceted approach involving species, phylogenetic and trait data, our study not only sheds light on the assembly mechanisms of macroinvertebrate communities in alpine streams but also bring inspiration for biodiversity conservation in the 'World's Third Pole' that is highly sensitive to global change. </span></p>
Unravelling the factors affecting taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversity of stream macroinvertebrate communities in the World's Third Pole
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Taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversity of upland forest birds in the Amazon: The relative importance of biogeographic regions, climate, and geographic distance
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Data from: Taxonomic divergence and functional convergence in Iberian spider forest communities: insights from beta diversity partitioning
Aim The main aims were to determine: i) the relative contribution of species replacement and richness difference components to overall taxonomic (TDβ) and functional (FDβ) beta diversity of spider communities; ii) the degree to which TDβ and FDβ components can be explained by the environmental or geographic predictors; iii) whether FDβ components were lower than expected given the underlying TDβ variation. Location This study was carried out in 22 oak forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula. The area comprises two biogeographic regions, Eurosiberian (North) and Mediterranean (Centre and South). Methods Spiders were sampled using a standardized protocol. A species x traits matrix was constructed. Total taxonomic (TDβtotal) and total functional (FDβtotal) beta diversity were calculated, by pairwise comparisons, and partitioned into their replacement (βrepl) and richness difference (βrich) components. Mantel tests were used to relate taxonomic and functional dissimilarity with environmental and geographic distances. A spatial eigenfunction model was constructed and the variation of TDβ and FDβ explained by environment and geographic predictors was quantified. Null models were used to test if FDβ was higher or lower than expected given TDβ. Results βrepl was the dominant component contributing to 84.2% and 72.8% for TDβtotal and FDβtotal, respectively. TDβtotal and FDβtotal (and their replacement components) were higher between- than within-biogeographic regions. TDβtotal and TDβrepl were positively correlated with environmental and geographic distances, even when controlling for a biogeographic effect, but their functional counterparts were only correlated with environmental distance. Variation partitioning showed that pure environmental and spatially structured environmental effects had a small contribution to beta diversity, except for TDβrich. The observed slopes of the regressions of FDβtotal and FDβrepl in relation to environmental distance were slower than the null model expectations. Main conclusions Spider' assemblages variation was mainly determined by the replacement, and not the net loss, of species and traits. TDβ was influenced by niche filtering and dispersal limitation, whereas FDβ was mainly generated by niche filtering. A high level of functional convergence among spider communities, despite the high taxonomic divergence, revealed the signal of replacement of species performing similar functions across sites.
Data from: When does intraspecific trait variation contribute to functional beta-diversity?
1. Intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is hypothesized to play an important role in community assembly and the maintenance of biodiversity. However, fundamental gaps remain in our understanding of how ITV contributes to mechanisms that create spatial variation in the functional-trait composition of communities (functional β-diversity). Importantly, ITV may influence the perceived importance of environmental filtering across spatial scales. 2. We examined how ITV contributes to functional β-diversity and environmental filtering in woody plant communities in a temperate forest in the Ozark ecoregion, Missouri, USA. To test the hypothesis that ITV contributes to changes in the perceived importance of environmental filtering across scales, we compared patterns of functional β-diversity across soil-resource and topographic gradients at three spatial grains and three spatial extents. To quantify the contribution of ITV to functional β-diversity, we compared patterns that included ITV in five traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf water content, leaf toughness, and chlorophyll content) to patterns based on species-mean trait values. 3. Functional β-diversity that included ITV increased with spatial extent and decreased with spatial grain, suggesting stronger environmental filtering within spatially extensive landscapes that contain populations locally adapted to different habitats. In contrast, functional β-diversity based on species-mean trait values increased with spatial extent but did not change with spatial grain, suggesting weaker environmental filtering among larger communities which each contain a variety of habitats and locally adapted populations. 4. Synthesis. Although studies typically infer community assembly mechanisms from species-mean trait values, our study suggests that mean trait values may mask the strength of assembly mechanisms such as environmental filtering, especially in landscape-scale studies that encompass strong environmental gradients and locally adapted populations. Our study highlights the utility of integrating ITV into studies of functional β-diversity to better understand the ecological conditions under which trait variation within and among species contributes most strongly to patterns of biodiversity across spatial scales.
Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest
<p class="MsoCommentText">1. Invasion by generalist tree species can cause biotic homogenization and such community impoverishment is likely more important in rare forest types. We quantified changes in tree diversity within Carolinian (range in Central Hardwoods), northern (range reached Northern hardwood-conifer/Boreal-spruce-fir) and central species (range in Central Hardwood region and Northern hardwood-conifer) in an old forest in southern Canada at points surveyed 24 years apart.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">2. We asked: How did mature tree and sapling composition and abundance change for the 3 species' groups? Did those changes lead to biotic homogenization? Can species' changes be explained by community traits? We tested for differences in temporal and spatial tree <span>β</span>-diversity, as well as forest composition and structure, using univariate/multivariate analyses and a community trait-based approach to identify drivers-of-change.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">3. Major increases occurred in abundance for mature <i>Acer rubrum</i> (northern), while others decreased (<i>Fraxinus americana</i>, <i>Populus grandidentata</i>); declines were found in <i>A. saccharinum </i>(central) and <i>Cornus florida</i> (Carolinian). Species composition of saplings, but not mature trees, changed due to replacement; no evidence for biotic homogenization existed in either cohort. As a group, northern mature tree species increased significantly, while central species declined; saplings of Carolinian species declined. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">4. Shade-tolerance in mature trees increased, reflecting successional changes, while drought-tolerance decreased perhaps due to changing temperatures, altered precipitation or ground water levels. Saplings showed declines in all traits, probably because of compositional change. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">5. Our results demonstrated that saplings can more closely reflect change in forest dynamics than mature trees, especially over short time periods. Based on sapling trends, this remnant could ultimately transition to a mesophytic hardwood stand dominated by <i>A. rubrum</i> and other shade-tolerant species, creating a more homogeneous forest. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">6. While encouraging regeneration for Carolinian and central tree species could ensure high levels of diversity are conserved in the future, it is important that this is balanced with the primary management goal of maintaining the older-growth characteristics of the forest.</p>
Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest
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Data from: Drying determines the temporal dynamics of stream invertebrate structural and functional beta diversity
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Data from: Taxonomic divergence and functional convergence in Iberian spider forest communities: insights from beta diversity partitioning
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Data from: When does intraspecific trait variation contribute to functional beta-diversity?
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Data from: Deterministic tropical tree community turnover: evidence from patterns of functional beta diversity along an elevational gradient
Explaining the mechanisms that produce the enormous diversity within and between tropical tree communities is a pressing challenge for plant community ecologists. Mechanistic hypotheses range from niche-based deterministic to dispersal-based stochastic models. Strong tests of these hypotheses require detailed information regarding the functional strategies of species. A few tropical studies to date have examined trait dispersion within individual forest plots using species trait means in order to ask whether coexisting species tend to be more or less functionally similar than expected given a null model. The present work takes an alternative approach by: (i) explicitly incorporating population-level trait variability; and (ii) quantifying the functional beta diversity in a series of 15 tropical forest plots arrayed along an elevational gradient. The results show a strong pattern of decay in community functional similarity with elevation. These observed patterns of functional beta diversity are shown to be highly non-random and support a deterministic model of tropical tree community assembly and turnover.
Ant taxonomic and functional beta-diversity
<p>The decomposition of beta-diversity (β-diversity) into its replacement (βrepl) and richness (βrich) components in combination with a taxonomic and functional approach, may help to identify processes driving community composition along environmental gradients.</p> <p>We aimed to understand which abiotic and spatial variables influence ant β-diversity and identify which processes may drive ant β-diversity patterns in Mediterranean drylands by measuring the percentage of variation in ant taxonomic and functional β-diversity explained by local environmental, regional climatic and spatial variables.</p> <p>We found that taxonomic and functional replacement (βrepl) primarily drove patterns in overall β-diversity (βtot). Variation partitioning analysis showed that respectively 16.8 %, 12.9 % and 21.6 % of taxonomic βtot, βrepl and βrich variation were mainly explained by local environmental variables. Local environmental variables were also the main determinants of functional β-diversity, explaining 20.4 %, 17.9 % and 23.2 % of βtot, βrepl and βrich variation respectively.</p> <p>Findings suggest that niche-based processes drive changes in ant β-diversity, as local environmental variables may act as environmental filters on species and trait composition. While we found that local environmental variables were important predictors of ant β-diversity, further analysis should address the contribution of other mechanisms, e.g. competitive exclusion and resource partitioning, on ant β-diversity. </p>
Ant taxonomic and functional beta-diversity
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Data from: Deterministic tropical tree community turnover: evidence from patterns of functional beta diversity along an elevational gradient
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