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119 results for “functional food”
PIE LTER, stable isotope chemistry (carbon, nitrogen and sulfur) for food web analysis of functional groups in the Plum Island Sound Estuary, Massachusetts.
Stable isotopes of primary producers will be compared to stable isotopes of functional groups of organisms at primarily three sites within the estuary that have different dominant sources of organic matter. The three sites are: Lower (IBYC, SO-3, mouth of Plum Island Sound, 2-3 km upstream of the mouth of the estuary), Middle (OTL, PR-10.1, upper Sound, lower Parker, 8-11 km upstream of the mouth of the estuary) and Upper (P2, PR-21.9, upper Parker, above Middle Rd Bridge (22 km upstream of the mouth of the estuary). The Lower site is dominated by marine phytoplankton, the Middle site is dominated by a mixture of salt marsh and phytoplankton and the Upper site is dominated by oligohaline phytoplankton and fresh marsh. Ten functional groups will be sampled at each site (Surface sediment, benthic diatoms, Nereis, mummichog, ribbed mussels, POM, blue mussels, pelagic copepods (Acartia), silversides and soft shell clams (Mya). Marsh, benthic algae and phytoplankton inputs or benthic vs. pelagic pathways will be evident in the isotopic signals of these functional groups. Samples will be collected between the middle and end of August to reflect a growing season using recently produced OM. Samples of 15 – 20 individuals will be pooled for analysis. Some silverside samplings will have 3 different pooled samples for determination of variance. Often times the same species are not collected at each site due to habitat differences (salinity/discharge) so additional species are collected to try to accomplish task of getting functional groups collected.
Scripts and data for: Integrating different facets of diversity into food web models: how adaptation among and within functional groups shape ecosystem functioning
<p>Adaptation of communities to environmental fluctuations can emerge from different facets of biodiversity, which may impact ecosystem functioning differently. Previous work examined how ecosystem functions can be influenced by two sources of adaptive potential: sorting (i.e., changes in community composition due to fitness differences) can occur when multiple species or groups are present (richness), and trait adaptability (i.e., trait adjustments within species or functional groups) can emerge from genetic or phenotypic diversity. However, their effect is typically studied separately, and often in the context of only one trophic level. Therefore, we used a bitrophic trait-based model varying in richness and in the presence of trait adaptability at each trophic level, to investigate how sorting and trait adaptability, at one or two trophic levels, separately or jointly shape ecosystem functions. We found that the adaptive potential emerging from any facet of diversity-induced changes in trophic interactions, in turn, affects biomass distributions within and across trophic levels, dynamical behaviour, and synchrony of biomass dynamics within a trophic level. Particularly, sorting and trait adaptability could contribute to a similar degree and at a similar time to temporal changes in ecosystem functions, but their respective contribution depended on the speed of trait adaptation, the trait range between similar functional groups, and trophic interactions. We thus suggest to consider multiple facets of diversity and their corresponding sources of adaptive potential to deepen our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning, especially in a context of rapid biodiversity change.</p>
Fig. 2 in A closer look at the main actors of Neotropical floodplain food webs: functional classification and niche overlap of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of Paraná River
Fig. 2. Cluster plot depicting trophic similarity (Morisita index) among species of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of ParanÁ River, Argentina. Dotted line depicts the threshold similarity of 0.6.
Fig. 3 in A closer look at the main actors of Neotropical floodplain food webs: functional classification and niche overlap of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of Paraná River
Fig. 3. Non Metric Multidimensional scaling plot. Circles depicts taxa classified as gatherer collectors (Aulodrilus pigueti, Pristina leidyi, Dero vagus, Nais communis, Pelomus sp., Cladopelma sp., Endotribelos sp., Polypedilum sp., Chironomus sp., Parachironomus sp., Phaenopsectra sp., Americabaetis sp., Baetis sp., Campsurus violaceus, Hyalella curvispina, Crynellus sp.) [Triangles: Tanypodinae (Coelotanypus sp., Procladius sp. and Ablabesmyia (Karelia); inverted triangle: Sympetrum sp.; square: Monopelopia sp.; cross: Pomacea canaliculata].
Fig. 1 in A closer look at the main actors of Neotropical floodplain food webs: functional classification and niche overlap of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of Paraná River
Fig. 1. Relative importance (IRI) of food items for analyzed taxa of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of ParanÁ River, Argentina (parenthesis indicate sample size).
Data from: Functional diversity buffers the effects of a pulse perturbation on the dynamics of tritrophic food webs
<p>Biodiversity decline causes a loss of functional diversity, which threatens ecosystems through a dangerous feedback loop: this loss may hamper ecosystems' ability to buffer environmental changes, leading to further biodiversity losses. In this context, the increasing frequency of human-induced excessive loading of nutrients causes major problems in aquatic systems. Previous studies investigating how functional diversity influences the response of food webs to disturbances have mainly considered systems with at most two functionally diverse trophic levels. We investigated the effects of functional diversity on the robustness, i.e. resistance, resilience and elasticity, using a tritrophic ---and thus more realistic---plankton food web model. We compared a non-adaptive food chain with no diversity within the individual trophic levels to a more diverse food web with three adaptive trophic levels. The species fitness differences were balanced through trade-offs between defense/growth rate for prey and selectivity/half-saturation constant for predators. We showed that the resistance, resilience and elasticity of tritrophic food webs decreased with larger perturbation sizes and depended on the state of the system when the perturbation occurred. Importantly, we found that a more diverse food web was generally more resistant and resilient but its elasticity was context-dependent. Particularly, functional diversity reduced the probability of a regime shift towards a non-desirable alternative state. The basal-intermediate interaction consistently determined the robustness against a nutrient pulse despite the complex influence of the shape and type of the dynamical attractors. This relationship was strongly influenced by the diversity present and the third trophic level. Overall, using a food web model of realistic complexity, this study confirms the destructive potential of the positive feedback loop between biodiversity loss and robustness, by uncovering mechanisms leading to a decrease in resistance, resilience and potentially elasticity as functional diversity declines.</p>
Functional foods and cancer on Pinterest and PubMed: Myths and science
<p>The objective of this study was to identify the correlation between what Pinterest users share about food and cancer, and the scientific evidence on the relationship between cancer and consumption of specific foods. In order to do this, we used PubMed and studied 75 Pins published in Pinterest. We identified about 80,000 scientific articles in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine run by the National Institutes of Health)about cancer and those foods posted on Pinterest in Brazil. We observed that the Pins published in Pinterest have some relation to scientific information despite not being possible to establish if the correlation with the particular food and cancer involved prevention, cure or treatment.</p>
Data for: Richness, food webs structures and ecosystem functioning
<p>This dataset has information on the spatial distribution of fish species from the middle Paraná River and the diet information of 15 fish-eating species. The objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationship between richness, the structure of food webs and standing biomass. In addition to the information on diet and spatial distribution, there is a readme file, two Rstudio scripts and an R environment (all the results of the work can be found in the latter).</p>
Data from: Rainforest conversion to plantations fundamentally alters energy fluxes and functions in canopy arthropod food webs
<p><span>Tropical rainforests around the world are rapidly being converted into cash-crop agricultural systems. The associated massive losses of plant and animal species lead to changes in arthropod food webs and the energy fluxes therein. These changes are poorly understood, in particular in the extremely biodiverse canopies of tropical ecosystems. Using canopy fogging followed by stable isotope and energy flux analyses, we show that land-use conversion from rainforest to rubber and oil palm plantations not only causes a drastic reduction in energy fluxes of up to 75% but also shifts fluxes among trophic groups. While rainforests featured high levels of both herbivory and algae-microbiology, and a balanced ratio of herbivory to predation, relative fluxes were shifted towards predation in rubber and towards herbivory in oil palm plantations, indicating profound shifts in ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight that the ongoing loss of animal biodiversity and biomass in tropical canopies degrades animal-driven functions and restructures canopy food webs.</span></p>
Data for: Richness, food webs structures and ecosystem functioning
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Data from: Rainforest conversion to plantations fundamentally alters energy fluxes and functions in canopy arthropod food webs
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Functional diversity buffers the effects of a pulse perturbation on the dynamics of tritrophic food webs
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Scripts and data for: Integrating different facets of diversity into food web models: how adaptation among and within functional groups shape ecosystem functioning
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Ecosystem function in predator-prey food webs - confronting dynamic models with empirical data
1. Most ecosystem functions and related services involve species interactions across trophic levels, e.g. pollination and biological pest control. Despite this, our understanding of ecosystem function in multi-trophic communities is poor, and research has been limited to either manipulations in small communities or statistical descriptions in larger ones. 2. Recent advances in food web ecology may allow us to overcome the trade-off between mechanistic insight and ecological realism. Molecular tools now simplify the detection of feeding interactions, and trait-based approaches allow the application of dynamic food web models to real ecosystems. We performed the first test of an allometric food web model's ability to replicate temporally non-aggregated abundance data from the field, and to provide mechanistic insight into the function of predation. 3. We aimed to reproduce and explore the drivers of the population dynamics of the aphid herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi observed in ten Swedish barley fields. We used a dynamic food web model, taking observed interactions and abundances of predators and alternative prey as input data, allowing us to examine the role of predation in aphid population control. The inverse problem methods were used for simultaneous model fit optimization and model parameterization. 4. The model captured >70% of the variation in aphid abundance in five of ten fields, supporting the model-embodied hypothesis that body-size can be an important determinant of predation in the arthropod community. We further demonstrate how in-depth model analysis can disentangle the likely drivers of function, such as the community's abundance and trait composition. Analyzing the variability in model performance revealed knowledge gaps, such as the source of episodic aphid mortality, and general method development needs that, if addressed, would further increase model success and enable stronger inference about ecosystem function. 5. The results demonstrate that confronting dynamic food web models with abundance data from the field is a viable approach to evaluate ecological theory and to aid our understanding of function in real ecosystems. However, to realize the full potential of food web models, in ecosystem function research and beyond, trait-based parameterization must be refined and extended to include more traits than body size.
Flying on empty: Reduced mitochondrial function and flight capacity in food-deprived monarch butterflies
<p>Mitochondrial function is fundamental to organismal performance, health, and fitness – especially during energetically challenging events, such as migration. With this investigation, we evaluated mitochondrial sensitivity to ecologically relevant stressors. We focused on an iconic migrant, the North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), and examined the effects of two stressors: seven days of food deprivation, and infection by the protozoan parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (known to reduce survival and flight performance). We measured whole-animal resting metabolic rate (RMR) and peak flight metabolic rate, and mitochondrial respiration of isolated mitochondria from the flight muscles. Food deprivation reduced mass-independent RMR and peak flight metabolic rate, whereas infection did not. Fed monarchs used mainly lipids in flight (respiratory quotient 0.73), but the respiratory quotient dropped in food-deprived individuals, possibly indicating switching to alternative energy sources, such as ketone bodies. Food deprivation decreased mitochondrial maximum oxygen consumption but not basal respiration, resulting in lower respiratory control ratio (RCR). Furthermore, food deprivation decreased mitochondrial complex III activity, but increased complex IV activity. Infection did not result in any changes in these mitochondrial variables. Mitochondrial maximum respiration rate correlated positively with mass-independent RMR and flight metabolic rate, suggesting a link between mitochondria and whole-animal performance. In conclusion, low food availability negatively affects mitochondrial function and flight performance, with potential implications for migration, fitness, and population dynamics. Although previous studies have reported poor flight performance in infected monarchs, we found no differences in physiological performance, suggesting that reduced flight capacity may be due to structural differences or low energy stores.</p>
Data from: Effects of manipulated food availability and seasonality on innate immune function in a passerine
<p>1. The innate immune system is essential for survival, yet many immune traits are highly variable between and within individuals. In recent years, attention has shifted to the role of environmental factors in modulating this variation. A key environmental factor is food availability, which plays a major role in shaping life-histories, and may affect resource allocation to immune function through its effect on nutritional state.</p> <p>2. We developed a technique to permanently increase foraging costs in seed-eating birds, and leveraged this technique to study the effects of food availability on the innate immune system over a three-year period in 230 zebra finches housed in outdoor aviaries. The immune components we studied were haptoglobin, ovotransferrin, nitric oxide, natural antibodies through agglutination, complement-mediated lysis, and killing capacity of <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em> and <em>Candida</em> <em>albicans</em>, covering a broad spectrum of the innate immune system. We explored effects of food availability in conjunction with other potentially important variables: season, age, sex, and manipulated natal brood size.</p> <p>3. Increased foraging costs affected multiple components of the immune system, albeit in a variable way. Nitric oxide and agglutination levels were lower under harsh foraging conditions, while Escherichia coli killing capacity was increased. Agglutination levels also varied seasonally, but only at low foraging costs. <em>C</em>. <em>albicans</em>' killing capacity was lower in winter, and even more so for animals in harsh foraging conditions that were raised in large broods. Effects of food availability on ovotransferrin were also seasonal, and only apparent in males. Haptoglobin levels were independent of foraging costs and season.</p> <p>4. Males had higher levels of immune function than females for 3 of the measured immune traits. Innate immune function was independent of age and manipulated natal brood size.</p> <p>5. Our finding that food availability affects innate immune function suggests that fitness effects of food availability may at least partially be mediated by effects on the immune system. However, food availability effects on innate immunity varied in direction between traits, illustrating the complexity of the immune system and precluding conclusions on the level of disease resistance.</p>
Effect of Extended-release Oxymorphone Taken With or Without Food on Cognitive Functioning
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00930943. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Healthy Aging Through Functional Food
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02095873. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: Predator kairomones change food web structure and function, regardless of cues from consumed prey
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Data from: Ecosystem function in predator-prey food webs - confronting dynamic models with empirical data
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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