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67 results for “functional homology”
Data from: Complex evolution of insect insulin receptors and homologous decoy receptors, and functional significance of their multiplicity
<p></p><p>Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.</p><p></p>
GPI-anchored protein homolog IcFBR1 functions directly in morphogenesis of Isaria cicadae
<p><em>Isaria cicadae</em> is a famous edible and medicinal fungus in China and Asia. The molecular basis of morphogenesis and synnemal formation needs to be understood in more detail, because this is the main source of biomass production in <em>I. cicadae</em>. In the present study, a fruiting body formation-related gene with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring protein (GPI-Ap) gene homolog, <em>IcFBR1</em>, was identified by screening random insertion mutants. Targeted deletion of <em>IcFBR1</em> resulted in abnormal, non-formation of synnemata, impairing aerial hyphae growth and sporulation. The <em>IcFBR1</em> mutants were defective in utilization of carbon sources with reduced polysaccharide contents and in the regulation of amylase and protease activities. Transcriptome analysis of <em>ΔIcfbr1</em> showed that <em>IcFBR1</em> deletion influenced 49 gene ontology terms, including 23 biological processes, nine molecular functions, and 14 cellular components. IcFBR1 is therefore necessary for regulating synnemal development, secondary metabolism, and nutrient utilization in this important edible and medicinal fungus. This is the first report illustrating that the function of IcFBR1 is associated with the synnemata in <em>I. cicadae</em>.</p>
Data from: Complex evolution of insect insulin receptors and homologous decoy receptors, and functional significance of their multiplicity
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Systemic paralogy and function of retinal determination network homologs in arachnids
<p>Arachnids are important components of cave ecosystems and display many examples of troglomorphisms, such as blindness, depigmentation, and elongate appendages. Little is known about how the eyes of arachnids are specified genetically, let alone the mechanisms for eye reduction and loss in troglomorphic arachnids. Additionally, paralogy of Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) homologs in spiders has convoluted functional inferences extrapolated from single-copy homologs in pancrustacean models. Here, we investigated a sister species pair of Israeli cave whip spiders (Arachnopulmonata, Amblypygi, <i>Charinus</i>) of which one species has reduced eyes. We generated the first embryonic transcriptomes for Amblypygi, and discovered that several RDGN homologs exhibit duplications. We show that paralogy of RDGN homologs is systemic across arachnopulmonates (arachnid orders that bear book lungs), rather than being a spider-specific phenomenon. A differential gene expression (DGE) analysis comparing the expression of RDGN genes in field-collected embryos of both species identified candidate RDGN genes involved in the formation and reduction of eyes in whip spiders. To ground bioinformatic inference of expression patterns with functional experiments, we interrogated the function of three candidate RDGN genes identified from DGE in a spider, using RNAi in the spider <i>Parasteatoda tepidariorum</i>. We provide functional evidence that one of these paralogs, <i>sine oculis/Six1 A </i>(<i>soA</i>), is necessary for the development of all arachnid eye types. Our results support the conservation of at least one RDGN component across Arthropoda and establish a framework for investigating the role of gene duplications in arachnid eye diversity.</p>
Fig. 23. Principal Components Analysis plot for 23 and 25 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 23. Principal Components Analysis plot for 23 and 25 measurements taken from males and females, respectively. First and second PCA for males were body size and metasoma length (97% of variance explained), and for females it was patella and carapace lengths (92% of variance explained) [upper plate]. The variable vector dimensions that separate the principal components of males and females are shown in the lower plate.
Fig. 22 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 22. Map of Central Mexico and Aguascalientes state showing the distribution of Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. (gray circles), Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. (red diamonds), Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015 (green stars), Vaejovis coalcoman Contreras-F´elix and Francke 2014 (orange square), and Vaejovis dugesi Pocock, 1902 (blue triangle). Mountain ranges are indicated as: Sierra Fria (1), Sierra del Laurel (2) and Juan el Grande foothills (3). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 21 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 21. Pedipalp chela of Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-Felix´, Francke and Bryson, 2015 under UV light (6). A. Dorsal, B. Retrolateral, C. Ventral, and D. Prolateral aspects.
Fig. 20 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 20. Pedipalp patella of Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015 under UV light (6). A. Dorsal, B. Retrolateral, C. Ventral, and D. Prolateral aspects.
Fig. 16 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 16. Pedipalp femur of Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. under UV light (6). A. Dorsal, B. Retrolateral, C. Ventral, and D. Prolateral aspects.
Fig. 19 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 19. Pedipalp femur of Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-Felix´, Francke and Bryson, 2015 under UV light (6). A. Dorsal, B. Retrolateral, C. Ventral, and D. Prolateral aspects.
Fig. 17 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 17. Pedipalp patella of Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. under UV light (6). A. Dorsal, B. Retrolateral, C. Ventral, and D. Prolateral aspects.
Fig. 15 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 15. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov., habitus. A, B 6, C, D. ♀ (CNAN-S4005). A, C. Dorsal aspect. B, D. Ventral aspect. Scale bar =5 mm.
Fig. 11 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 11. Leg, basitarsal and telotarsal armature under UV light (6). Dorsal (left) and Ventral (right) aspects. A. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alezSantill´an sp. nov. B. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. C. Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015.
Fig. 12 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 12. Sternite VII ventral surface ornamentation under UV light (6). A. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. B. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. C. Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015.
Fig. 14 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 14. Telson dorsal (left) and lateral (right) aspects under UV light (6). A. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. B. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. C. Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015.
Fig. 13. Metasomal segments I-IV in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 13. Metasomal segments I-IV under UV light (6). A., D., G. Dorsal, B., E., H. Lateral, and C., F., I. Ventral aspects. A-C. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. D-F. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. G-I. Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015.
Fig. 10 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 10. Pedipalp chela, fixed (left) and movable (right) fingers under UV light (6). A. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. B. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. C. Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015.
Fig. 9 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 9. Pedipalp chela of Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alezSantill´an sp. nov. under UV light (6). A. Dorsal, B. Retrolateral, C. Ventral, and D. Prolateral aspects.
Fig. 3 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 3. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov., habitus. A, B 6, C, D. ♀ (CNAN-S4005). A, C. Dorsal aspect. B, D. Ventral aspect. Scale bar =5 mm.
Fig. 4 in Two new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, with comments on the homology and function of the hemispermatophore
Fig. 4. Chelicerae dorsal and ventral aspects under UV light (6). A. Vaejovis aguazarca Díaz-Plascencia and´Gonzalez-Santillan´sp. nov. B. Vaejovis aquascalentensis Ch´avez-Samayoa and Gonz´alez-Santill´an sp. nov. C. Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-F´elix, Francke and Bryson, 2015.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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